ORAL COM

COMMUNICATION

Is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior.

COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS

Communication as a process means it is a step by step activity and it is essentially a two-way process that involves the active participation of both the sender and receiver.

COMMUNICATION IS MUCH OF AN ART THAN SCIENCE

There is no right or wrong way to communicate – no set of absolute rules to be followed but there are underlying principles to guide us into effective communication.

COMMUNICATION HAS A SENDER AND RECEIVER

Communication occurs between two or more people acting the speaker or the receiver of the message.

COMMUNICATION IS VERBAL OR NON-VERBAL

Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words or actions of both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.

NON-VERBAL

Body language, facial Expression, sign language, and gestures are examples of

COMMUNICATION IS INEVITABLE

Communication is taking place even when someone does not want or intend to communicate.

COMMUNICATION IS IRREVERSIBLE

What you have said can never be unsaid.

COMMUNICATION IS UNREPEATABLE

Unrepeatability means that an act of communication can never be duplicated.

SENDER/RECEIVER

When people start talking or sharing ideas, insights, information, experiences, emotions or opinions, the communication process begins

MESSAGE

This is the most vital element in communication. All ideas, information, emotions, insights or experiences shared by the communicator are his messages. These may be verbal or non-verbal.

CHANNEL

 It is the route traveled by the message between the sender to the receiver.

FEEDBACK

It is the reaction observed in both the sender and the receiver.

NOISE

It is the presence of a disturbing factor that may lead to a misunderstanding of the message. Noise may vary: physical noise, psychological noise.

SETTING

It is the venue of the communication

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

He was the first to take an initiative and design the communication model

-The speaker must be very careful about his selection of words and content in this model of communication

SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver)

It describes the way in which information flows from a sender to a receiver. is a model consisting of basic elements such as a source, encoder, medium, decoder, receiver, and noise

SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (Wilbur Schramm)

Information is of no use unless and until it is carefully put into words and conveyed to others. Encoding plays a very important role because it initiates the process of communication by converting the thought into content.

BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (David Berlo)

His SMCR Model of Communication represents the process of communication in its simplest form.

HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (Frank Dance)

His communication model assumes that a person's communication starts at birth, and continues as life progresses.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Are ways to deliver a message and to convey meanings, intended or not

PARALANGUAGE

The “how” of saying something. It is about “how” something is said, not what is said. Saying “I love you” with an angry tone is a contradictory message.

FLOWERS

The use of flowers based on the meaning of each types of flower

• Flowers say for many of us what we cannot say ourselves. These meanings are also influenced by culture and gender.

COLORS

The use of colors based on the meaning of each color

Have certain meanings based on the dictates of culture and gender.

CHRONEMICS

Language of Time. The use of time based on the position or power.

PROXEMICS

Language of Space. The use of space to show importance. Proxemics of the use of space provides us with ideas about how close or how far people are from the power or where a person is in the social ladder.

HAPTICS

Language if Touch. The use of touch to express what cannot be said.

GESTURES

Is the most common type of nonverbal communication.

TYPES OF GESTURES

Emphasizing, regulating, illustrating, emblems are most often type of

FACIAL EXPRESSION

The configuration of the eyes, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, nose, and forehead to show how the person feels. It is the type of nonverbal communication that assists the listener in understanding the message better.

POSTURE AND PERSONAL APPEARANCE

The way one carries and dresses oneself.

PHYSICAL BARRIERS

It can be defined as an element or a physical factor that acts as a distraction to hinder the flow of communication. It can be natural or human-made.

PERCEPTUAL BARRIERS

These communication barriers exist in people’s minds based on how they perceive the world around them

EMOTIONAL BARRIER

Are the negative feelings we acquire about certain people, places and situations.

ATTITUDE

Sometimes, strong emotions like anger or sadness can affect your objectivity. Being extremely nervous, having personal agendas or asserting the need to win the argument can make communication less effective.

LANGUAGE BARRIERS

It causes barriers if you use words that other people are unfamiliar with. Even people who speak the same native language can have difficulty understanding each other if they’re from different generations, regions of the same country.

SLANG

BF/GF, Bae, BFF, ISTG, FR, GOAT, Extra, Flex, Ghosting, Tea, etc

PROFESSIONAL JARGON

Business jargon is words and phrases used by business employees to convey unique ideas and directions

REGIONAL COLLOQUIALISM

Word or expressions used in or suited familiar or informal conversations.

CULTURAL BARRIERS

It arise if you don’t understand the group’s required behavior patterns, which increases the risk of doing something its members frown upon.

GENDER BARRIERS

Are the result of the different ways in which the various genders communicate with one another and are expected to communicate.

PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS

Are related with the limitations of the human body and the human mind (memory, attention, and perception).

LACK OF COMMON EXPERIENCES

Using examples or stories to explain or enhance a point is a great idea. However, if others cannot relate to these examples because they do not have the same knowledge or shared experiences, then this tool will be ineffective.

INFORMATION OVERLOAD

It takes time to process large quantities of information and too many details can overwhelm and distract the individual from the important topics.

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Communicating with oneself.

The speaker and the listener are one and the same: you. You send the message to yourself and you yourself receive that message.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

It involves more than one person.

DYADIC COMMUNICATION

It involves only two participants forming a dyad. One speaker and one listener come together to exchange thoughts, ideas, opinion, and information. The roles of speaker and listener are not fixed, they are interchangeable.

SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

It requires from 3-15 people to study an issue, discuss a problem, and come up with a solution or a plan.

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

One speaker addresses many listeners, collectively known as an audience. There is no interchangeable of the speaker and listener roles.

MASS COMMUNICATION

Is any of the above human verbal interactions carried out with the aid of mass media technology.

ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION

It refers to the interaction of members along the links in an organizational structure. There are two variations of organizational communication.

FORMAL ORGANIZATION

Communication uses proper channels graphically illustrated by an organizational chart. Memos, announcements, and reports are passed along to the members of the organization following the chain of command.

INFORMAL ORGNIZATION

Bypasses the links, skip forwards or backwards, or even goes sideways just to achieve the same goal.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

It is the exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices between and among people of different nationalities and ways of life. It goes beyond showcasing folk dances, local songs, and native delicacies.

INTIMATE STYLE

Is a non-public speech style that uses private vocabulary and includes nonverbal messages.

It is a style in which meaning is shared even without “correct linguistic forms”.

CASUAL STYLE

Is a speech style used among friends and acquaintances that do not require background information.

CONSULTATIVE STYLE

Is the opposite of the intimate style because this style is used precisely among people who do not share common experiences or meaning.

FORMAL STYLE

Is used only for imparting information. The speech is well organized and correct in grammar and diction. This style does not allow interruptions.

FROZEN STYLE

Is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be archaic