Psychology of Women: Lecture on Gender Development

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to gender development in psychology, focusing on biological influences, cultural preferences, social constructionism, and the roles of peers and media.

What are the genetic sex chromosomes for a genetic female?

XX

What gene activates the formation of testes in XY embryos?

SRY gene

What is the first duct system that develops into female reproductive structures?

Müllerian ducts

What hormonal effect do testes have on the female duct system?

Release of Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) causes the female duct system to shrink.

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

A condition where genetic females (XX) have excess androgens.

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)?

A condition where XY individuals' bodies do not respond to androgens.

How do cultural preferences for male and female children manifest in birth announcements in Western countries?

Boys are often associated with 'pride' and strength, while girls with 'happiness' and emotional responses.

What are some consequences of the strong preference for boys in cultures such as India and China?

Practices like sex-selective abortion and female infanticide lead to skewed gender ratios.

What is social constructionism in relation to gender?

The idea that societal and cultural meanings shape our understanding of gender, rather than biology alone.

What approach explains gender development through reinforcement and modeling?

Social learning approach.

At what age do children typically start labeling themselves as boys or girls?

Around age 2.

What do gender schemas help children do?

Organize information about what it means to be male or female.

What is the difference in how parents discuss emotions with daughters versus sons?

Mothers talk more about feelings with daughters; sons receive more talk about anger.

How do peers enforce gender typing among children?

Through praising conformity, teasing nontraditional behavior, and favoring same-gender friendships.

What is the media's role in shaping gender stereotypes?

Media often underrepresents females and portrays them in passive roles compared to males.

What did the Bobo doll experiment demonstrate about children's behavior?

Children learn behaviors through modeling and reinforcement.

By what age do children typically begin to show strong gender segregation in peer play?

By age 2-3.

What are the implications of gender biases in educational settings?

Boys often receive more attention and positive feedback from teachers compared to girls.

How do older children respond to gender stereotypes compared to younger children?

Older children know stereotypes but are more flexible about them.

What are the long-term consequences of educational disparities for girls in nonindustrialized countries?

Lower literacy rates, limited job opportunities, and later marriage.

What illustrates the stricter enforcement of gender norms for boys compared to girls?

The higher societal punishment for boys engaging in traditionally female behaviors.

How do children's preferences for toys typically align with gender stereotypes by age 5?

Children show strong preferences for gender-typed toys.