The theory that states cells are fundamental to life, all living things are made of cells, cells are basic units of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
New cards
2
Nucleus
The command center of a cell containing chromosomes made of DNA that directs cellular activities.
New cards
3
Cytoplasm
The gel-like substance filling the cell that holds organelles and is the site of metabolic reactions.
New cards
4
Cell Membrane
The selectively permeable outer boundary of the cell that controls the movement of substances in and out.
New cards
5
Mitochondria
The power generators of the cell where aerobic respiration occurs, producing ATP from glucose.
New cards
6
Ribosomes
Tiny organelles responsible for protein synthesis, assembling amino acids into proteins.
New cards
7
Cell Wall
A rigid outer layer in plant cells that provides structural support and protection, made mainly of cellulose.
New cards
8
Vacuole
A large fluid-filled sac in plant cells that stores nutrients and helps maintain turgor pressure.
New cards
9
Chloroplasts
Organelles that conduct photosynthesis by using chlorophyll to absorb light energy.
New cards
10
Red Blood Cells
Specialized cells adapted for oxygen transport with a biconcave shape and no nucleus.
New cards
11
Nerve Cells
Specialized cells adapted for rapid signal transmission with long, thin structures and myelin sheaths.
New cards
12
Muscle Cells
Cells adapted for contraction containing protein filaments and many mitochondria.
New cards
13
Root Hair Cells
Cells adapted for absorption of water and minerals with long projections and no chloroplasts.
New cards
14
MRS GREN
An acronym for the fundamental processes of life: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.
New cards
15
Aerobic Respiration
A metabolic process that fully breaks down glucose using oxygen to produce energy (ATP).
New cards
16
Anaerobic Respiration
A process that partially breaks down glucose without oxygen, resulting in lactic acid in animals or ethanol in yeast.
New cards
17
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
New cards
18
Light-dependent Reactions
The first stage of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to ATP and NADPH, with oxygen released as a byproduct.
New cards
19
Calvin Cycle
The light-independent reactions in photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose.
New cards
20
Diffusion
The passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
New cards
21
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to low.
New cards
22
Active Transport
The movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy, often involving protein pumps.
New cards
23
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite external changes.
New cards
24
Negative Feedback
A control mechanism in homeostasis where a change in a variable triggers a response that opposes the change.
New cards
25
Ecosystem
A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment in a specific area.
New cards
26
Producers
Organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances, typically through photosynthesis.
New cards
27
Consumers
Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
New cards
28
Decomposers
Organisms that break down dead matter and waste, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.
New cards
29
Biodiversity
The variety of life on Earth, encompassing different species, genetic variation, and ecosystems.
New cards
30
Natural Selection
The process where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
New cards
31
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual for a particular trait, represented by alleles.
New cards
32
Phenotype
The observable characteristics of an individual determined by genotype and environmental factors.
New cards
33
Punnett Square
A diagram used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.
New cards
34
Vaccination
The process of introducing weakened or inactive pathogens to stimulate the immune system.
New cards
35
Antibiotics
Medicines that kill bacteria or inhibit their growth, effective against bacterial infections.
New cards
36
Antibiotic Resistance
The ability of bacteria to survive despite the presence of antibiotic medications.
New cards
37
Food Security
The condition where all people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.
New cards
38
Sustainable Agriculture
Farming practices that meet current food needs without compromising future generations.
New cards
39
Greenhouse Gases
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change.
New cards
40
Climate Change
Long-term shifts in weather patterns and climate caused mainly by human activities.
New cards
41
Pollution
The introduction of harmful substances into the environment, affecting living organisms.
New cards
42
Deforestation
The clearing of forests for agriculture, urban development, or other land uses.
New cards
43
Ecosystem Services
The benefits that humans derive from ecosystems, like pollination and water purification.
New cards
44
Mutation
A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to genetic variation within a population.
New cards
45
Fossil Record
The history of life on Earth as documented by fossilized remains.
New cards
46
Speciation
The formation of new species due to evolutionary processes, often through reproductive isolation.
New cards
47
Selective Breeding
The human practice of breeding animals and plants for desired traits.
New cards
48
Environmental Factors
Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as temperature, water availability, and light.
New cards
49
Alleles
Different versions of a gene that can result in variation in traits.
New cards
50
Hormones
Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various body functions.
New cards
51
Reflex Action
An automatic, rapid response to a stimulus that bypasses conscious control.
New cards
52
Enzyme Activity
The rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, influenced by temperature and pH.
New cards
53
Transmission of Disease
The mechanisms by which pathogens spread, including direct contact and vectors.
New cards
54
Nutrient Cycling
The process through which nutrients are recycled in ecosystems, enabling productivity.
New cards
55
Global Warming
The increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases.
New cards
56
Genetic Variation
Differences in DNA among individuals, which is crucial for a population's adaptability.
New cards
57
Herd Immunity
Immunity in a population that occurs when a sufficiently high percentage are immune to an infection.
New cards
58
Public Health Surveillance
The ongoing systematic collection and analysis of health data to inform health policies.
Studied by 1 person
Note 
Flashcard (27)