A & P II Midterm-Evolve Questions

According to the hypothesis, steroid hormone receptors are not attached to the plasma membrane but seem to move freely in the nucleoplasm.

Mobile-receptor model

When a small amount of hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell, the phenomenon is called

permissiveness

Not all nonsteriod hormones operate according to the second messenger model. The exception is the pair of thyroid hormones called

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Which tissue hormones act as regulators, synthesize blood platelets, and are important in blood clotting?

Thromboxanes

In the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormones to signal specific

target cells

The neuroendocrine system performs all of the following EXCEPT

• communication.

• conduction. (Correct; does NOT perform)

• integration.

• control

Hormones can be classified as either

steroid or nonsteroid

In _____, one hormone produces the opposite effect of another hormone.

antagonism

Which of the following statements is true?

Unused hormones usually are quickly excreted by the kidneys

The control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a(n)

negative feedback loop.

Nonsteroid hormones include

• glycoproteins.

• peptides.

• proteins.

• all of these. (CORRECT)

If synthesis of new receptors occurs faster than degradation of old receptors, the target cell will have more receptors and thus be more sensitive to the hormone. This phenomenon is called

up-regulation.

Eicosanoids are a unique group of lipid molecules that include

• thromboxanes.

• leukotrienes.

• prostaglandins.

• all of these. (CORRECT)

As a group, prostaglandins are involved in overall endocrine regulation through their influence on

adenyl cyclase interaction within the cell’s plasma membrane.

Which tissue hormones act as regulators of immunity?

Leukotrienes

The body’s “biological clock” is supported by the

pineal gland.

The stem-like stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus is the

Infundibulum.

_____ accelerate(s) the breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

Glucocorticoids

Which hormone develops the breasts during pregnancy in anticipation of milk secretion?

Prolactin

The formation and activity of the corpus luteum result from the secretion of

luteinizing hormone.

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are stored and released by

neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary

Which hormone increases calcium storage in bone?

Calcitonin

The primary function of aldosterone is

Sodium homeostasis

Which pancreatic hormone tends to promote the movement of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids out of the blood and into the tissue cells?

Insulin

The _____ serves as a temporary endocrine gland and produces human chorionic gonadotropin hormone.

Placenta

Hyposecretion of prolactin can cause

insufficient milk production in nursing women.

Which types of cells of the adenohypophysis secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone?

Gonadotrophs

How does the growth hormone affect metabolism?

• Promotes protein anabolism

• Indirectly inhibits glucose metabolism

• Promotes lipid mobilization and catabolism

• Indirectly increases blood glucose levels

• All of these (CORRECT)

Which hormone prevents the formation of a large volume of urine?

Antidiuretic hormone

What part of the brain regulate body temperature and automatic nervous system?

Hypothalamus

What does the medulla help regulate?

Breathing and heart rate

What hormone increases calcium storage and what hormone increases calcium in the bloodstream?

Storage-Calcitonin

In bloodstream- parathyroid

The myocardial layer of the heart receives oxygenated blood from which type of system?

Coronary Circulation

What is ADH and where is it secreted from?

Antidiuretic hormone- acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorption and therefore reducing urine output

It is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland

What is GH and where is it secreted from?

Growth Hormone or human growth hormone (hGH) promotes growth during childhood, regulates metabolism, bone and muscle growth as well as mental function

It is secreted from the Anterior Pituitary gland

What is TSH and where is it secreted from?

Thyroid Stimulating hormone stimulates the production of T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothyronine) by the thyroid gland. As well as Calcitonin

It is secreted by the Anterior Pituitary gland.

T4 is converted to T3 for the body to use via the liver. Selenium required to remove the molecule of Iodine.

Calcitonin increases calcium storage into bones

What is FSH and where is it secreted from?

Follicle Stimulating hormone initiates development of oocytes and development of sperm

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

What is LH and where is it secreted from?

Luteinizing hormone stimulates the secretion of estrogen & progesterone as well as the secretion of testosterone

It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

What is prolactin and where is it secreted from?

Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk production for lactation

Prolactin vs Oxytocin in nursing women

Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscles around the gland to contract

Prolactin stimulates milk production

What is PTH and where is it secreted from?

Parathyroid hormone increases calcium in the blood if levels are too low

It is secreted by the parathyroid glands imbedded in the thyroid gland

What is aldosterone and where is it secreted from?

Aldosterone is essential for sodium conservation in kidney, secretion fo potassium, increases blood volume and increases blood pressure

It is secreted by the Adrenal Cortex

What is Cortisol and where is it secreted from?

Cortisol is the fight or flight hormone that controls the body’s response to stress. Additionally, it controls salt and water balance, immune system manages how body uses carbs, fats, and proteins

Increase blood sugar levels

It is secreted by the Adrenal Cortex

Too much cortisol-Cushing Syndrome

Too little cortisol-Addison’s Disease

What is Insulin and where is it secreted from?

Insulin lowers blood sugar and moves glucose into cells.

It is secreted by the pancreas

What are the differences in Type I and Type II diabetes?

Type I- is an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin producing cells and therefore produces little to no insulin and is typically diagnosed in childhood or early adulthood

Type II-due to poor lifestyle choices where the body develops insulin resistance and the cells do not effectively uptake the insulin

What is glucagon and where is is secreted from?

Glucagon increases blood sugar by signaling the liver to break down glycogen into glucose

It is secreted from the pancreas.

leptin vs ghrelin

Leptin is secreted by adipose tissues. It signals fat storage and reduces appetite

Ghrelin is secretary by stomach. It stimulates hunger and is linked to reward and please in the brain.

What is oxytocin and where is it secreted from?

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction, bonding, and mammary glands contraction

It is secreted by the posterior pituitary.

What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic

Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood?

Plasma

_____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.

Hematocrit

Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as

hematopoietic stem cells.

A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is

erythropoietin.

Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called

diapedesis.

In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of

prothrombin activator.

_____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.

Hematocrit

The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is

Hemoglobin

Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as

hematopoietic stem cells.

All of the following are granulocytes except

• lymphocytes. (CORRECT)

• eosinophils.

• basophils.

• neutrophils.

Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called

Diapedesis

Platelets play an important role in

Blood clotting

The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell

Antigen

_____, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels.

Heparin

In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of

prothrombin activator.

The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the ___

Myocardium

The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the

Endothelium

The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called

Semilunar Valves

The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the

Papillary muscles

After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the

Left atrium

From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood?

Coronary arteries

Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart?

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and subendocardial branches.

The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the

SA Node

What are normal ECG parts?

P Wave

QRS Complex

T Wave

A type of abnormal heart sound that may signify incomplete closing of the valves is

a heart murmur

The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the

Pericardium

Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins.

receiving chambers

Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called

valves

A graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity is a(n)

ECG

Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are

Capillaries

The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica

Adventitia

Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium?

Tunica intima

Which of the following has branches that partially encircle a capillary or venule and contract or relax to regulate blood flow?

Pericytes

Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as _____ circulation.

Systemic

The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the

Pelvis

Renal veins drain blood from the

Kidneys

During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs?

Foramen ovale

Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta?

Elastic arteries

In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network

Vascular anatomoses

The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery.

Head and upper extremities

A few arteries open into other branches of the same or other arteries. This is called

Arterial anastomosis

Blood from the brachiocephalic vein drains into the

Head, neck, and upper extremity

The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot.

Great saphenous vein

During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein?

It flows into the inferior vena cava.

Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart?

Blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions

Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n)

sphygmomanometer.

The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume?

Aldosterone, ANH, and ADH

Cardiac output is determined by

stroke volume and heart rate.

Starling’s law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the

stronger the contraction.

The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called

vagal inhibition.