Sociology - Paper 4 - 2.3 - Globalisation and crime

According to Manuel Castells, what is the "Global Criminal Economy"?

A "shadow economy" that mirrors the legal global market, worth over

1 trillion annually, where criminal groups operate like Transnational Corporations (TNCs) with global supply chains and offshore tax havens.

How does Ian Taylor (Marxist) link neoliberalism to crime?

He argues that deregulation allows TNCs to commit corporate crimes (tax evasion, dumping toxic waste), while the job losses caused by globalization create a "materially deprived" underclass that turns to crime to survive.

What is "Green Crime" in the context of Ulrich Beck’s "Risk Society"?

Environmental crimes, such as illegal logging in the Amazon or toxic waste dumping, that create "manufactured risks" affecting the entire planet regardless of where the crime originated.

Define the concept of "Glocal Crime" (Hobbs and Dunningham).

The idea that global criminal networks (suppliers) must connect with local contexts and "franchises" (distributors) to operate, making crime a blend of the global and the local.

How does the "Feminization of Migration" relate to global crime?

It has a "dark side" where the global demand for cheap labor and commercial sex leads to the trafficking of women and children through global transport networks.

What is the "Jurisdiction Gap" in global policing?

The problem where police power ends at national borders, allowing criminals to exploit "legal arbitrage" by committing crimes in one country and hiding proceeds in another with weak laws.

How do Marxists view the "State-Corporate Nexus" in global crime?

They argue that governments often "overlook" corporate crimes (like child labor or safety violations) committed by large TNCs because those companies provide vital investment and tax revenue.

According to Shoshana Zuboff, what is "Surveillance Capitalism"?

The process where global tech giants (Google, Meta) use new technology to monitor and predict human behavior for profit, challenging individual privacy and enabling state surveillance.

What does Manuel Castells mean by the "Digital Underclass"?

Those without internet access who are excluded from the global economy, creating "Black Holes of Informational Capitalism" in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa.

What is the "CNN Effect" in relation to global crime and human rights?

The phenomenon where real-time global news coverage of human rights abuses or crimes pressures the international community to intervene through aid or sanctions.

How has policing shifted in the digital age?

It has moved from "patrolling streets" to "tracking data," involving high-level surveillance, AI pattern spotting, and coordination through hubs like INTERPOL (which has 196 member countries).

What is the "Electronic Church" synoptic link?

The idea that technology allows for the globalization of religion, where people "pick and mix" spiritual identities online, while fundamentalists use the same tools to resist Westernization.

According to Zygmunt Bauman, how does globalization view "Vagabonds"?

Poor migrants or refugees who are forced to move but are stigmatized by the media and state as "flawed consumers" or security threats.

What is the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

To prosecute "crimes against humanity" and war crimes when national courts are unwilling; however, it lacks an independent police force and relies on state cooperation.