APUSH Midterm

Mexico (tenochitlan)

Aztec Location

Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Belize, Honduras 

Mayan Location 

Peru

Incan Location

Hernan Cortes

Aztec Coloniser

Spain

Mayan Coloniser

Francisco Pizarro

Inca Coloniser

Polytheistic

Maya/Incan/Aztec Religion

Aztec inventions

MX Flag, ball game, some musical instruments

Mayan inventions

calender; concept of zero; astronomy; hieroglyphics

Incan inventions

‘knot’ language; architecture; largest + best road system

Aztec society

priests were doctors, teachers, and ran ceremonies

Mayan society

kings-nobles-priests- lower class

Incan Society

kings-nobles-priests-farmers

Aztec punishment

chili pepper fire, slavery, killed

Mayan punishment

human sacrifice for entertainment; cut out heart

Incan punishment

cut off limbs; thrown off cliff

Norse vikings

1st Europeans in America

Countries apart of Trans-atlantic slave trade

Portugal, Denmark, Spain, England, France, the Netherlands

Trans-atlantic slave trade

europe - africa (guns + manufactured goods)

africa - americas (enslaved africans)

americas - europe (raw materials)

Who dominated slave trade?

Portugal (were the first to start)

Columbian exchange

new world - old world (corn, tobacco, rice, syphillis)

old world - new world (cows, horses, sugar cane, KY bluegrass; smallpox)

Treaty Line of Tordesillas

portugal got brazil and land under africa; spain got everything west of the line ----- line drawn by pope

Age of Discovery

started by slave trade

Vasco de Balboa

sailed Pacific Ocean

Coronado

searched for Golden cities; found Grand Canyon + bison

De Soto

found Mississippi river; buried in it

Juan Ponce de Leon

fountain of youth; found florida

John Cabot

Englishman; found North American coast

Hudson

Englishman; settlement NY

La Salle

established French settlements in TX and LA

Roanoke

“Lost Colony'“; Sir walter Raleigh sailed there and back

Columbus

sighted bahamas

1st permanent settlement;

Jamestown

year jamestown was settled

1607

goals; find gold; passage to pacific

Jamestown

upper class were sent to settle

Jamestown

2/3 died by 1st summer

Jamestown

who took over and saved Jamestown

John Smith

colony that had “starving time”

Jamestown

starving time

period after John Smith returned to England and colony starved

John Rolfe

saved Jamestown with tobacco

Tobacco

1st cash crop; required white indentured servants originally to grow

place where 1st documented african ships arrived

VA

house of burgessess

1st colonial legislature; VA

Bacon’s rebellion

in VA; indentured servants rebellion; start of ONLY slavery in america

Jamestown

1st colony; by virginia company

Puritans Vs Separatists

puritans wanted to stay with church of england; separatists wanted to leave

Plymouth Bay Colony

2nd permanent english settlement; by separatists

Massachussetts Bay Colony

by Puritans; governed by John Winthrop (city on a hill)

New England politics

democratic town meetings

NE economy

shipbuilding, fishing, whaling, lumbering and iron making.

Rhode Island

Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson(banned from bay colony because of religion)

Fundamental Orders

1st constitution

NE education

universities; christian classes; more educated

Middle Colonies Education

more than south; less than north; read + wrote bible

New england colonies

New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maine, Massachussetts

Southern Education

did not value education; sent to england to study

6 impacts of columbian exchange

diseases, war, economy, culture, encomienda, animals, plant, slave trade

Middle Colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware

Middle colonies economy

good farmland and produced grains for bread, ships, lumber and furs; diverse population

NY settlers

Dutch (taken by england eventually)

PA founders

William Penn & Quakers; very peaceful and liberal

Southern Colonies

VA, NC, SC, GA

Maryland (founder + why)

Lord Baltimore; haven for persecuted catholics in england

Act of Toleration

caused by Tensions between Catholics and Protestants; only tolerated christianity

SC main crop

rice

NC vs SC

south; wealthy, rice

north; rugged indivualists, tobacco

GA (founder + why)

Oglethorpe founded as a debtors prison

colony with 1st + 2nd anglo-powhatan wars

virginia

which colony had nathaniel bacon

virginia

**sam adams**

*  signed declaration of independence, leader of sons of liberty, cousin of John Adams(complete opposites), ‘instigator’ -

**John adams**

* 2nd president, edited the Declaration of Independence signed and
* negotiated Treaty of Paris (ended the war),
* 1st Vice President,
* **Midnight judges** - federalist judges before jefferson became president 
* lame duck act
* jefferson could not place any anti-federalist judges

**Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans**

* Hamilton Federalists supported a strong central government; they believed that the government should support private enterprise, not interfere with it; and they supported the British.
* Jeffersonian anti-Federalists demanded a weak central government and supported states' rights.
* government FOR all people but not BY all people
* wanted slavery ensure that farmers could remain land owners

The Sedition Acts

*  Federalist Congress passed a series of oppressive laws aimed at "aliens", or foreigners who came to America and supported Jefferson.
* stated that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment.

**Benedict Arnold**

 most famous traitor, didnt’ get promotion in American army, went to British army, flees to Britain after war

**Ben Franklin**

lighting rod, flew a kite, bifocals, started volunteer firefight, designed first political cartoon (Join or Die), Poor Richards Almanac, Pennsylvania Gazette, helped with Declaration of Indepedence, pivotal with getting France to help America, 

**Washington -**

**1st president, general of continental army**

**Baron von Steuben**

saved Valley Forge

**Nathaniel Greene**

 **1st to use Guerilla warfare against British**

**John Hancock**

 rich smuggler in Massachusetts,; largest signature on Declaration of Independence, the reason why George Washington was selected to be general

Nathan Hale

*  **famous spy for George Washington (wrote in invisible ink), captured by British and hung by british, ‘my one regret is that I have but one life to give to my country’,** 

**Hamilton**

1st secretary of treasury (economic system due to him tdy), 1st banking and financial system, federalist papers, fought w/ washington (yorktown which was a win), swing vote for jefferson, lost duel with aaron burr + died

**Patrick Henry -**

‘give me liberty or give me death’, 1st governor of VA,; pro-bill of rights

**John Jay** -

* 1st supreme court justice, part of 1st and second continetnal congress, also author of Federalist papers, will have treaty named after him (jay’s treaty - HUGE FAILURE)

**Thomas Jefferson -**

* **main author of declaration of Independence,**
* manufacturing over agriculture
* **in HOrep, at 2nd continental congress**
* **, governor of VA, wrote statue of religious freeodm, minsiter of france, VP of JOhn adams,**
* **President during LA purhcase,**
* barbary pirates
* war of 1812

**Madison -**

* **last author of federalist papers, nicknamed ‘father of constitution’, jefferson’s secretary of state, 4th president**

**george mason**

*  **at Boston tea party, wrote VA declaration of rights (basis for bill of rights)**

**Thomas Paine**

* **wrote ‘common sense’ - pro -independence**

**Betsy Ross -**

 **‘allegedly’ sewed the flag, grandson started rumor**

cause + effect of Boston Tea party

cause; “taxation w/out representation” - britian overtaxed due to loss of french vs indian war and colonists were not rep. in congress

effect; intolerable acts

lexington/concord

 shot heard round the world (1st shot of revolution - NO ONE KNOWS WHO SHOT)

* paul revere + warned people - 
* General gage; goal was to arrest rebel leaders (eg)sam adams, john hancock, john adams) + cause revolution to crumble; wanted to reassert royal authority
* founding fathers had already fled + many went into hiding

Bunker hill

* also breeds hill
* general gage (british) vs general prescott (americans)
* low on ammunition; ‘dont fire untill see the whites of their eyes’; so they don’t miss (muskets were not accurate)
* americans lost; but british lost half of men
* after, George washington was picked to be commander due to hancock’s suggestion

Valley Forge

* in pennsylvania
* bad winter, lack of food + supplies, frostbite - army starts deserting
* baron von steuben + lafayette bring supplies
* baron von stueben - drills men and raises morale

Battle of Saratoga

* **turning point of american revolution**
* in NY,
* when america wins, france and spain helps  (spain didnt like due to defeat of spanish armada; french + indian war)

“battle of trenton”

* Washington crossing the delaware
* surprised hessians
* germans had christmas parties and drunk; americans suprised and took captive
* hessians were headed to yorktown - took away british reinforcements that could have turned tide of yorktown

Battle of Yorktown

* washington comes in land, french by water + surround british
* cornwallis surrenders; AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

George Washington

Congress adopts the

* Bill of Rights in 1789 and establishes an army. The Bill of Rights is ratified 1791. Congress passes the 11th Amendment,


* Whiskey Rebellion

(1789-1793) and (1793-1797)

John Adams (Federalist)

* The 11th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1798.
* Washington D.C. becomes America's official capitol in 1800.,
* He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist.
* He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts.
* Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair.
* His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

(1797-1801)

Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)

(1801-1805) and (1805-1809)

* Louisianna Purchase in 1803.
* In 1803 the 12th Amendment is approved by Congress and added to the Constitution in 1804.
* Lewis and Clark begin exploring the Lousianna Territory in 1804, returning in 1809.
* First secretary of state.
* Took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government.
* Organized the national government by Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality.

James Madison (Democratic-Republican)

* (1809-1813) and (1813-1817)
* The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain.
* In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol.
* The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814.,
* The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817).
* A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787),
* he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution.
* Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.