native
A species or animal that naturally resides in an area, traveled themselves without human interactions
endemic
Native species that are only found in one place in the world, living in no other area
indigenous
A species that are native to a location, but also found in other places
endangered
A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction
introduced
A species that gets to a place with human help and are introduced into that habitat/location
invasive
Species that are introduced to an area and harmful to the native species and natural environment
adaptive radiation
Rapid speciation in a new environment, resulting in many new species
over 16 variations of birds (iiwi, amakahi, aukepa)
Examples of adaptive radiation with Hawaiian honeycreepers
wings, wind, waves
The three naturally occurring ways for new species to travel
land bridges, walking, plants spread, flying, swimming, floating, hitchhiking
Examples of natural ways species get to a new habitat or location
geographic isolation
How could a species become endemic to an area?
they change, adapt, becomes reproductively isolated (creates new species or subspecies)
What happens to species separated by local conditions and their gene pools?
25%
How many endangered species does Hawaii contain compared to the U.S.?
had a lack of competition and predators prior to invasive species, limited resources on geographically isolated islands
Why are many native/endemic species in Hawaii threatened by invasive/introduced species?
birds, hibiscus, palm trees, hoary bat, monk seals, turtles
What are examples of native Hawaiian species?
pigs, kalo, chicken, dogs, rats, ulu/breadfruit
What are examples of Polynesian introduced species to Hawaii?
cats, mongoose, monkeypod, pineapple, sugar cane, strawberry guava
What are examples of Western introduced species to Hawaii?
niche
An organisms's particular role or place in the environment and ecosystems
fundamental niche
The full range of environmental conditions and resources an organism could possibly occupy or use (no limiting factors)
realized niche
The fraction of the fundamental niche an organism actually occupies, realistic with other factors
habitat, food source, time of day most active, predators/prey
What are factors that make up a niche?
predation
One organism eats or hunts another for food, predator and prey (+,-)
mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit (+,+)
comensalism
One organism benefits and the other isnt harmed or helped, not affected at all (+,0)
parisitsm
One organism uses the host for nutrients and and reproduction, usually harms or sometimes kills the host (+,-)
competition
Two organisms competing for the same niche or resources (-,-)
intraspecific competition
Competition within the same species
interspecific competition
Competition between different species
interference competition
Organisms directly fight over a resource
exploitative competition
No direct interaction between species. Based on who can consume the most (resources, food), in the least amount of time
competitive exclusion
Two species are so similar that the same resource limits both species growth, one will beat the other and exclude the other from the resource
resource partitioning
When species use the same resource at different times of the day/year to avoid competing with each other
competitive exclusion principle
Two species using the same limiting resource cannot coexist in the same place
character displacement
Traits of organisms become more different when they compete with each other (i.e. separating to subspecies for diff niches)
honeycreepers settling into diff niches and growing distant from each other
What are examples of character displacement in Hawaii?
predator prey dynamics
Cycling of predator and prey populations which occurs when either predators overkill prey, or when prey overuse resources and their numbers crash
primary succession
Disturbance to an environment that removes everything, including all soil and living organisms
secondary succession
Disturbance to an environment that leaves some soil and remains of living organisms
pioneer species
First species to arrive and populate an area post-disturbance
direct (one goes up, the other goes up, vice versa)
What kind of relationship does the number of predator and prey have?
they have a smaller food source which contributes to less babies being born
Why does the population of predators go down when the population of prey is decimated?
weak, sick, old and overpopulated are killed, leaves stronger genetic stock of prey to reproduce and live better lives
Why can predation actually help the prey population?
succession
Natural and human disturbances can gradually or rapidly change an ecosystem, afterwards species starts to return
forest fires, tidal waves, earthquakes, tornadoes, storms, urban development, deforestation, climate change
Examples of succession
climax community
A stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes (a forest at its climax will stay a forest for 1000 more years)
small organisms (ohia, plants, shrubs moss, bugs)
What comes back to an environment first after primary succession?
rock breaks down, creates soil, small organisms decompose, plant accumulation, large amounts of organisms start to return
What processes does an environment go through before becoming stable again?