Critical Thinking Weeks 7-11

When describing lameness what center of the circle of elements of thought may be involved?

assumption (assuming cause), point of view (literally), purpose (given a history and now assessing)

What points of view do we want to watch the patient walk/jog in order to assess gait?

towards you, away from you, from the side

swing phase

when foot is off the ground

stance phase

when foot is on the ground

describe a normal gait

even strides, straight ahead flexion and extension of joints

What are possible causes for a dog to be non-weight bearing?

due to pain (on manus or pes or in the joint), can't extend joint, (and many more as discussed in lab)

What body systems could most likely be responsible for abnormal forelimb gait?

nervous system, , cardiovascular, musculoskeletal

Describe Ataxia

abnormal coordination of conscious movement. unsteady gait, falling, stumbling. unsteady stance, or wide-based, or crossed over. *awareness?? check this

Signs of brachial plexus injury

cannot bear weight on thoracic limb, unsymmetrical pupil size (decreased diameter of pupil on side of limb with injury), no withdrawal reflex on effected limb, lost proprioception

signs of clot formation (at caudal bifurcation of descending aorta) from cardiomyopathy

increased heart rate and respiratory rate, weak peripheral pulse, non-weight bearing on limbs (variable), decreased withdrawal reflex and muscle pain

signs of hip dysplasia

bunny hopping when running, bi-lateral pelvic lameness, not extending hip joints (when running or standing up)

What are 3 keys when it comes to determining cause of abnormal gait?

the history, physical exam, knowing what normal looks like

see if I can find worksheet from gait abnormality lab

do when you get home

go to histo folder to quiz over critical thinking lab

do it

When auscultating a patient, you should listen to _________ side(s).

BOTH

What would prompt performing a rebreathing exam on a horse?

discharge, coughing, history of infection

A cows lung field is _________ than a horse's.

smaller

Where do you listen for rumen sounds on a ruminant?

paralumbar fossa, on the left side

Where do you listen for gut sounds on the horse?

listen cranial to paralumbar fossa, just ventral to there (lateral side), and along ventral midline

Normal rumen contractions

2 for every three minutes

Pinging of the rumen helps to determine what?

helps determine if the fiber cap is broken

One reason to do oral exam on large animals?

foreign bodies can be found there

Location for palpation of peripheral pulse on the horse?

the facial artery on the mandible, the transverse facial artery on the face near the eye

Location for palpation of peripheral pulse on the dog?

dorsal pedal artery or femoral artery

Describe the dorsal, caudal, and ventral borders for IM injections in the Horse's neck

dorsal border: base of nuchal ligament, caudal border: beginning of shoulder musculature, ventral border: spinous processes of cervical spine

Describe the other locations (besides neck) for IM injections in horses. What muscles do you avoid?

semimembranosus and semitendonosus, the pectorals. Avoid gluteal muscles

Describe the locations for IM injections for small animal?

the epaxial muscles (can do semimembranosus and semitendonosus, but want to be weary of sciatic nerve)

For the musculoskeletal exam (on any species), you should do it the ________ way, _______ time

same, every

What's a good starting point on limbs when evaluating the musculoskeletal system?

the distal aspect of limbs (paw, hoof)

What are signs of laminitis when evaluating a horse's hoof?

heat, swelling, bounding digital pulses

How do horses typically stand when they have laminitis?

leaning all one way, in one direction, in order to relieve pressure

What lymph nodes are typically palpated on cattle?

pre-scapular (superficial cervical) and pre-femoral

What lymph nodes are typically palpated in horses?

mandibular or submandibular - same thing?

What lymph nodes are typically palpated in dog/cat?

mandibular, superficial cervical, and popliteal

Evaluation of the symmetry of what structure helps asses function of the facial nerve in horses?

eyelashes

Describe the normal characteristics of a horse's eye?

horizontal pupil, iridic granules

Skin can be known as the sensor of what?

internal disease

Alopecia can be a sign of what endocrine disease?

cushings

Hirsutism in horses - what is it and what is it an indicator of?

shaggy carpet hair, cushings

Matting of hair in a cat may be an indicator of what?

musculoskeletal problem (can't physically groom), or chronic kidney disease

What can be assessed in a rectal exam?

tell you about GI, urinary tract, and reproductive tract. can assess anal sacs, for sacrolumbar pain

Do you perform a rectal exam in a horse? Why or why not?

NO, they can be prone to rectal tears

Location of testicles in horse relative to body

close to body

Description of cattle testicles

pendulous

How many teats are in cow?

four

How many teats are in horse?

two

What implications result if vulva in horse is not parallel to rectum, but jutting out?

fecal matter can fall into vulva and cause infection

One main reason we palpate mammary glands of cows

for signs of mastitis (heat, swelling, redness)

make quizlet with vital ranges for each species

dooo iiitt

What regional lymph node(s) would be appropriate to sample if there was a mass or lesion located on the lateral digit of the left rear limb?

popliteal lymph node

What regional lymph node(s) would be appropriate to sample if there was a mass or lesion located on the right vulvar lip?

superficial inguinal

What regional lymph node(s) would be appropriate to sample if there was a mass or lesion located on the pinna or left ear?

parotid

What regional lymph node(s) would be appropriate to sample if there was a mass or lesion located on the perianal region?

hypogastric

What regional lymph node(s) would be appropriate to sample if there was a mass or lesion located on the mammary gland #4 (caudal abdominal)?

superficial inguinal

What regional lymph node(s) would be appropriate to sample if there was a mass or lesion located in the mid-jejunum?

mesenteric lymph node

What regional lymph node(s) would be appropriate to sample if there was a mass or lesion located on the left cranial lung lobes?

mediastinal or tracheobronchial lymph nodes

What regional lymph node(s) would be appropriate to sample if there was a mass or lesion located on the prostate?

medial iliac lymph node

What types of diseases might cause multifocal rather than solitary or regional lymphadenopathy?

lymphoma, fungal infection, sometimes viral infection in a young animals

What are some reasons it may be difficult to palpate a normally palpable lymph node?

animal is fat, or it's a really smol animal

what is the cytological pattern seen in a normal lymph node?

80-90% small, mature lymphocytes

5-10% large lymphocytes (20-25% normally in cats)

occasionally neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells

What type of disease processes might be associated with a primary lymph node infiltrate of neutrophils?

bacterial infection, anything necrotic, an inflammatory lesion

What type of disease processes might be associated with a primary lymph node infiltrate of eosinophils?

parasites, allergies

What type of disease processes might be associated with a primary lymph node infiltrate of macrophages?

granulomas (fungi, foreign bodies)

What type of disease processes might be associated with a primary lymph node infiltrate of plasma cells?

antigenic stimulation, tick-born (e.g. rickettcial diseases, rocky mountain spotted fever)

What type of disease processes might be associated with a primary lymph node infiltrate of small lymphocytes?

neoplasia - small cell lymphoma or from inflammatory, lymphadentitic

What type of disease processes might be associated with a primary lymph node infiltrate of large lymphocytes?

large cell lymphoma

What type of disease processes might be associated with a primary lymph node infiltrate of epithelial cells?

metastasis of nearby epithelial neoplasia (rare)

What is the proper technique for making a cytology slide from a peripheral lymph node?

vertical pull apart (because cells are fragile)