Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

Hierarchy of Life Sciences

Cells>tissues>organs>organ systems>organism

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Anterior (cranial)

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Posterior (caudal)

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Dorsal

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Ventral

Functions of epithelial tissue

Protection, absorption, secretion, sensory

Function of connective tissue

Support, binding of organs, transport of substances, immunity

Function of muscle tissue

Movement

Function of nervous tissue

Conduction/control of nerve impulses, coordination of bodily functions

Description of the structure of simple squamous epithelial tissue

Single layer, flat cells

Description of the structure of simple cuboidal epithelial cells

Single layer, cube-shaped cells

Description of the structure of Simple columnar epithelial cells

Single layer, tall rectangular cells

Description of the structure of pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

Single layer of cells of varying heights (looks to be stratified due to variation in heights but is not), tall rectangular cells

Description of the structure of stratified squamous epithelial cells

Multiple layers, flat cells

Description of the structure of stratified cuboidal epithelial cells

Multiple layers, cube-shaped cells

Description of the structure of stratified columnar epithelial cells

Multiple layers, tall rectangular cells

Description of the structure of transitional epithelial tissue

Cells shape can change depending on degree of stretch

Endocrine Glands Overview

Glands without ducts, empyt secretory products directly into the bloodstream

Practical Importance of Endocrine Glands

They regulate major bodily functions (growth, mood, reproduction, metabolism, etc.), they help maintain homeostasis

Exorcrine Glands Overview

Glands with ducts, empty their secretory products on an epithelial surface by means of ducts

Practical Importance of Exocrine Glands

Key for digestion (release enzymes), protection (sweat glands), lubrication (salivary glands), nutrition (mammary glands), defense (some animals can release sticky/toxic secretions)

Elastic Tissue

Kinked fibers that tend to regain their original shape

Collagenous Tissue

Coiled extracellular proteins

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Arranged in parallel bundles (cords/bands), high tensile strength

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Arranged in a thick mat, fibers run in all directions

Areolar Connective Tissue

Protective cushioning, flexible

Reticular Connective Tissue

Fine reticular fibrils made by fibroblasts, net-like scaffolding for other cells

Adipose Tissue

Forms when adipocytes store fat within the cytoplasm of a cell, as more fat gets deposited, the nucleus gets pushed to one side of the cell

What form of adipose tissue is commonly found in adult animals?

Seam fat - helps connect muscle to other structures

Cartilage Overview

Firmer than fibrous tissue but not as hard as bone, cartilage cells are called chondrocytes

Hyaline Cartilage

Glass-like covering over bones with joints

Elastic Cartilage

Mixture of cartilage substance and elastic fiber (eg. ear)

Fibrous Cartilage

Intervertebral disks between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Primary Functions of Bone

Structural/organizational support, protects organs, stores minerals, bone marrow produces red blood cells

Skeletal Muscle

Striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers. Voluntary control. Typically attached to the skeleton.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, spindle shaped, single-nucleated. Involuntary control

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, branched, singe-nucleated fibers. Involuntary control

Nervous Tissue

Responsible for coordinating and controlling most of the body’s activities

Pleural Cavity

Potential space within the thorax between the lungs and the chest wall

What are potential spaces?

Anatomical regions where two adjacent membranes/structures press together with no gap. Membranes are lubricated by a think film of liquid allowing them to flide smoothly over each other.

Pericardial Cavity

Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium (sac around the heart)

Peritoneal Cavity

Potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum in the abdomen

Subdural Space

Potential space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater in the skull and spinal column

A

Nucleus

B

Dendrite

C

Soma

D

Schwann Cell

E

Myelin

F

Node of Ranvier

G

Axon

H

Axon Terminal