Bioethics Exam 4

From an ethics of care perspective, a fetus gains moral significance mainly from

A. its genetic uniqueness

B. the legal status of the pregnancy

C. the quality of the relationship surrounding the pregnancy

D. federal research guidelines

C

Act utilitarianism would criticize the hospital’s actions in the case mainly because:

A. the tissue was needed for future research

B. the hospital followed all legally required steps

C. it violated federal funding rules

D. the emotional harm to the parents outweighed any medical benefit

D

Which rule would a rule utilitarian support regarding fetal tissue retention?

A. Hospitals should always inform families and obtain explicit consent

B. Consent is unnecessary if research benefits the public

C. Families should never be allowed to decline tissue retention

D. Hospitals should store tissue without notifying families

A

What major effect did Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization have on fetal tissue research?

A. it required all states to fund tissue research equally

B. it expanded access to fetal tissue in laboratories C. it overturned Roe v. Wade, affecting abortion access and tissue availability

D. it legalized embryonic stem cell division with federal funds

C

The central ethical issue involves a hospital keeping fetal tissue without clearly informing the parents. Which ethical principle from the Belmont Report is most directly violated?

A. Justice

B. Beneficence

C. Respect for persons

D. Nonmaleficence

C

A hospital changes its miscarriage protocol to preserve more tissue for research. Which NIH rule would this change risk violating?

A. Procedures cannot be altered solely to obtain tissue

B. Consent for abortion must be obtained after donation discussion

C. Hospitals may store tissue indefinitely

D. Federal funding cannot support research with fetal cells

A

A researcher uses a fetal cell line created decades ago with no additional embryo destruction. According to Forbes v. Napolitano, why is this permissible with federal funding?

A. Historical tissue is exempt from NIH regulation

B. Federal funds can be used for existing lines but not for their creation

C. the original deviation did not involve any abortion D. it is considered adult tissue after 20 years

B

Which principle was highlighted by the case of Joyce Brown regarding the criteria for involuntary psychiatric hospitalization?

A. Mental illness alone is sufficient to justify involuntary commitment

B. Clear evidence of danger must accompany mental illness before commitment

C. Commitment should be based on family preference and clinical convenience

D. Individuals must be committed if they refuse all forms of treatment

B

What major ethical concern is emphasized by Joyce Brown’s case when involuntary treatment is applied without clear justification?

A. It increases efficiency in healthcare systems

B. It encourages patients to willingly seek future treatment

C. It may compromise fairness, patient rights, and well-being

D. It ensures accurate diagnoses in all situations

C

Why was Project Help created in Manhattan in the 1980s?

A. To clear homeless encampments for new buildings

B. To provide assistance to the large and growing homeless population

C. To enforce new psychiatric laws

D. To train police officers in crisis intervention

B

During the case study of Joyce Brown, what did the New York State appellate court rule regarding Judge Lippman’s decision?

A. They fully supported his conclusion

B. They ruled he relied too heavily on her personal testimony instead of psychiatric experts

C. They argued Brown needed to be immediately released

D. They ordered forced medication

B

O’Connor v. Donaldson established which two minimum standards for involuntary commitment?

A. Mental illness and inability to pay for treatment B. Mental illness and lack of family support

C. Mental illness and dangerous

D. Dangerousness and failure to take medication

C

The Fourteenth Amendment required which of the following for individuals facing involuntary commitment?

A. Guaranteed fight to a jury trial

B. Guaranteed right to forced medication

C. Notice, a hearing, and a minimum burden of proof

D. Automatic access to an expert witness

C

Who can begin the civil commitment process?

A. Only family members

B. Only psychiatrists

C. Anyone in the patient’s workplace

D. Mental health providers, healthcare workers, law enforcement, or the court

D

Which factor most contributes to a population being considered “vulnerable” in research?

A. High socioeconomic status

B. Reduced ability to make fully informed, autonomous decisions

C. Living in urban environments

D. Existing trust in medical systems

B

Which of the following was a key ethical violation in the Holmesburg Prison experiments?

A. Participants received excessive compensation

B. Researchers provided direct medical benefit to prisoners

C. Exposure to harmful substances without benefit D. All prisoners signed detailed consent forms

C

The question “Can prisoners truly give voluntary consent?” primarily relates to which issue?

A. Lack of financial compensation

B. Inability to understand medical science

C. Coercion and constrained autonomy

D. Low literacy among participants

C

Financial incentives in prison research create ethical concern because they:

A. Are not allowed under federal law

B. Often exceed the average citizen’s salary

C. Can function as undue influence in a constrained environment

D. Must be approved by the FDA

C

Why were the consent forms ethically invalid in the HPV trial?

A. They included too much scientific detail

B. They were written in English and not understood by participants

C. They required a doctor’s signature

D. They were not stored properly

B

A major beneficence violation in the HPV trials occurred because:

A. Participants were overpaid

B. Researchers did not monitor or treat side effects C. Too few participants were included

D. Consent was obtained too slowly

B

Justice concerns in the HPV trial centered around: A. Selecting only wealthy families

B. Targeting rural, lower-caste, and minority communities

C. Failing to include men in the trial

D. Focusing on too wide a geographic region

B

What is a savior sibling?

A. A sibling that saves you from choking

B. A sibling that is used for spare parts to save another sibling

C. having a kid through IVF

D. a sibling that saves the world

B

What is the best “interests” theory in the use of savior siblings?

A. to provide the best cost for a procedure

B. to decide if the procedure is the best for all involved

C. to ensure the procedure is only used for life-threatening conditions

D. to select the genetic traits of a savior sibling

B

What is the major concern about savior siblings?

A. That the donor babies will not be treated the same as the other kids

B. That this process can be taken too far and is unethical

C. Both A and B

D. Not A or B

C

What ethical framework would NEVER allow for the use of savior siblings?

A. Natural law theory

B. Feminist

C. Act utilitarian

D. Rule utilitarian

A

Why is a savior sibling different from other kids willing to donate?

A. A savior sibling is an exact match of tissue so therefore a great donor

B. A savior sibling is family so there is no cross contamination of genes

C. Savior siblings love to donate

D. savior siblings can’t say no because they are not autonomous

A

Why is it important to have laws regulating use of savior siblings?

A. so the government has more control

B. so we can compile all the research into one place

C. so that savior siblings cannot be taken advantage of and are used appropriately

D. so that we don’t overpopulate

C

Which of the following best describes the purpose of advanced directives?

A. To designate preferred hospitals for care

B. To help determine eligibility for hospice

C. To express patient wishes and guide end-of-life decisions

D. To document vaccination history

C

What is the main factor in determining if someone is braindead?

A. No movement for 12 hours

B. Loss of spontaneous brain function

C. Absence of detectable heartbeat

D. Inability to speak or follow commands

B

_____ is defined as the ethical practice of interfering with an individual’s autonomy for their own good.

A. Beneficence

B. Paternalism

C. Principlism

D. Virtue Ethics

B

________ is the term for a person next in line to make medical decisions for a patient in the case they are incapacitated or unable to themselves

A. Medical Power of Attorney

B. Medical Decision Advisor

C. Care Management representative

D. Clinical Treatment Consultant

A

What two documents were designed to help avoid situations like the one faced by Adriana smith’s family?

A. Patient rights disclosure and informed consent waiver

B. Living Wills and Advanced Directives.

C. Patient preference sheets and care consent forms

D. Treatment consent Form and End-of-Care Planning Form

B

Which statement best describes why Adriana Smith was kept on life support despite being legally brain dead?

A. Her family requested that she remain on life support until the baby could be delivered

B. The hospital believed brain death was reversible in early pregnancy

C. Georgia’s LIFE Act restricted actions that could be interpreted as terminating a pregnancy

D. Federal law requires all pregnant brain-dead patients to be maintained on somatic support

C

What is the component that actually edits the gene? A. Cas9

B. The cell itself

C. tRNA

D. crRNA

B

What is the goal of modification enzymes?

A. Modifies and cuts DNA

B. Recognize host and protect DNA

C. Disrupt gene function

D. Bind DNA to create sequence

B

Why does CRISPR store viral DNA as spacers?

A. To help bacteria grow

B. To remember past infections

C. To make more Cas9

D. To create more proteins

B

From a Kantian ethics perspective, what is a major concern about editing embryos using CRISPR?

A. It could increase society’s overall happiness

B. It may treat the future child as a “mans to and end”

C. It is too expensive to perform on all embryos

D. It takes too long to perform the edit

B

According to Natural Law Theory, why would editing embryos to remove disabilities be considered morally impermissible?

A. Because it treats the child as a “means to and end”

B. It interferes with what is viewed as the natural process of human reproduction

C. Because it is too expensive for most families to afford and therefore cannot be justly distributed

D. Because it increases genetic diversity

B

Cas9 makes what kind of cut in the DNA?

A. A single-strand nick

B. A double-stranded break

C. A point mutation

D. No cut at all

B

From a Kantian ethics perspective, what is a major concern about editing embryos using CRISPR?

A. It could increase society’s overall happiness

B. It may treat the future child as a “means to and end”

C. It is too expensive to perform on all embryos

D. It takes too long to perform the edit

B

Which ethical framework could you use to make a solid moral argument against CRISPR gene editing?

A. Kantian ethics

B. Rule Utilitarianism

C. Natural Law Theory

D. All the above

D