Endocrine System Structures and Functions: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Pancreas, and Disorders

What is the major role of the hypothalamus?

Maintaining homeostasis and communicating directly with the pituitary gland.

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

Known as the 'master gland', it regulates several other endocrine glands.

What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

Two hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

It produces its own hormones, including Growth Hormone and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

What is the significance of growth hormone?

Essential for growth and development of tissues.

What disorders are associated with growth hormone?

Dwarfism (underproduction) and gigantism (overproduction).

What role does TSH play in the body?

Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).

What is the role of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)?

They regulate metabolism and affect how quickly cells use energy.

What is the consequence of iodine deficiency?

It can lead to dysfunction of thyroid hormones.

What are the two hormones secreted by the pancreas?

Insulin and glucagon.

How does insulin affect blood sugar levels?

It lowers blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake by cells.

What is the function of glucagon?

It increases blood sugar by stimulating the release of glucose from stored sources.

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

Type 1 (insufficient insulin production) and Type 2 (insulin resistance).

What complications can arise from unmanaged diabetes?

Serious health issues such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and nerve damage.

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Melatonin, which regulates the sleep/wake cycle (circadian rhythm).

How does negative feedback regulate hormone secretion?

The hypothalamus and pituitary adjust hormone secretion based on current levels in the bloodstream.