T3+Vocabulary+Test+Review+(2).docx

Great American Desert

Arid region in the central United States, characterized by low precipitation levels and sparse vegetation, making it unsuitable for traditional agriculture.

Silver Rush

Period of rapid mining activity for silver ore, leading to an influx of miners and settlers in search of wealth.

Stephen Austin

American impresario known as the "Father of Texas" for his role in colonizing the region by bringing in American settlers.

Santa Anna

Mexican general and politician who played a significant role in the Texas Revolution and the Mexican-American War.

Sam Houston

Prominent figure in Texas history, military leader, and politician who played key roles in the Texas Revolution and the Republic of Texas.

Alamo

Mission and fortress in San Antonio, Texas, known for the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution.

Aroostook War

Nonviolent boundary dispute between the US and Britain over the Maine-Canada border in 1838-1839.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 treaty settling border disputes between the US and Britain, addressing Maine, the Great Lakes region, slave trade, and naval armaments.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War, ceding territories including California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and parts of other states to the US.

Commodore Matthew C

U.S. naval officer who played a key role in opening Japan to the West through the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

Sociology of the South

The study of social structures, relationships, and dynamics specific to the Southern region of the United States, including social issues, cultural practices, historical contexts, and economic factors shaping Southern society.

Border States

Slave states that remained loyal to the Union during the American Civil War, such as Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, presenting political challenges due to their unique position bordering both free and slave states.

Confederate States of America

Government established by 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-1861, aiming to protect slavery and limit central government authority, ultimately defeated in 1865.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War, a political leader who left the Senate to join the Confederacy and became a symbol of the South.

Second American Revolution

Reconstruction period after the Civil War, introducing new arguments over voting rights, citizenship, federal power, and the potential for a multiracial republic.

Morrill Land Grant Act

U.S. federal law providing land grants to states for establishing colleges focusing on agriculture and mechanic arts, expanding access to practical education.

Homestead Act

Law signed by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, offering 160 acres of land to individuals or families to encourage westward migration and settlement.

Fort Sumter

Historic fort in Charleston Harbor, site of the opening battle of the Civil War where Confederate forces bombarded Union forces, leading to the fort's surrender.

Bull Run/Manassas

First major land battle of the Civil War in Manassas, Virginia, where Confederate victory shocked the North and highlighted the need for better preparation and strategy.

Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan

Strategic proposal to defeat the Confederacy through economic measures like a naval blockade, weakening the South and forcing submission without excessive bloodshed.

Robert E

Prominent Confederate general during the Civil War known for his military skills, strategic thinking, and controversial legacy due to his association with the Confederacy.

Antietam

Bloodiest single-day battle in American history fought near Sharpsburg, Maryland, during the Civil War, considered a strategic Union victory.

Ulysses S

18th President of the United States and Union Army commanding general during the Civil War, known for his military strategies and efforts in implementing Reconstruction policies.

Gettysburg

Turning point battle in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, during the Civil War, known as the bloodiest battle with significant casualties and a Union victory.

Appomattox Court House

Site of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the Civil War in 1865.

Emancipation Proclamation

Presidential proclamation by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, declaring enslaved people in Confederate territory to be set free and transforming the war into a fight for freedom.

Reconstruction Acts

U.S. legislation during 1867-1868 outlining conditions for readmitting Southern states to the Union after the Civil War, reshaping the political landscape and advancing civil rights.

54th Massachusetts Regiment

First African American regiment in the Union Army during the Civil War, known for its heroic assault on Battery Wagner and inspiring the enlistment of Black soldiers.

Copperheads

Group in the northern states during the Civil War sympathizing with the South, opposing the Union's war efforts, and criticized for perceived disloyalty.

Laird Rams

Warships equipped with a ramming device used during naval warfare, specifically referring to ironclad ships built for the Confederate States Navy during the Civil War.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Federal law during Reconstruction guaranteeing African Americans equal access to public accommodations, later limited in effectiveness by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

Legal cases leading to the U.S. Supreme Court declaring the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional, legalizing racial segregation and influencing the enactment of Jim Crow laws.

Jay Gould and Credit Mobilier

Jay Gould's involvement in the fraudulent Credit Mobilier scandal during the late 19th century, exposing corruption within the railroad industry and involving manipulation of the stock market.

Jay Gould

Financier and railroad tycoon known for aggressive stock market tactics, involved in the "Erie War" with fraudulent shares.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Transportation magnate who amassed wealth through railroad investments, clashed with Jay Gould in the "Erie War."

Boss Tweed

Leader of Tammany Hall, engaged in corruption and embezzlement in New York City politics during the 19th century.

Panic of 1873

Financial crisis triggering an economic depression, caused by factors like overbuilding, over-loaning, and bankruptcies.

Rutherford B

19th President of the United States, known for ending Reconstruction and civil service reform.

Compromise of 1877

Settled the disputed 1876 presidential election, ended Reconstruction, led to Jim Crow laws in the South.

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

Reconstruction proposal by Abraham Lincoln, allowed readmission of Confederate states with 10% voter allegiance.

Radical Republicans

Advocated for abolishing slavery, civil rights for African Americans, and holding Southern states accountable post-war.

Wade-Davis Bill

Radical Republican Reconstruction policy requiring seceded states to meet strict readmission terms, vetoed by Lincoln.

Freedman’s Bureau

Established to aid freed individuals post-Civil War, provided assistance in education, legal matters, and more.

Black Codes

Laws restricting African Americans' freedom post-Civil War, aimed at maintaining a cheap labor force.

Tenure of Office Act

Limited the President's power to remove officeholders without Senate approval, repealed in 1887.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, often involved in Republican politics.

Scalawags

White Southerners supporting Reconstruction policies, viewed as traitors by Southern Democrats.

Hiram Revels

First African American U.S. Senator, served during Reconstruction, advocated for African American rights.

Sharecropping

Agricultural system post-Civil War where landowners provided land and supplies to tenant farmers in exchange for a share of the harvest.

Force Acts

Laws combating Ku Klux Klan activities during Reconstruction, aimed at protecting African American rights.

Amnesty Act of 1872

Reversed penalties on former Confederates, removed voting restrictions post-Civil War.

Transcontinental Railroad

Constructed between 1863-1869, revolutionized travel and trade, played a key role in westward expansion.

Jay Gould and Watering Stock

Issuance of fraudulent shares to manipulate stock value, practiced during the "Erie War."

Rebates

Discounts offered after purchase to incentivize buying, involve submitting proof of purchase for a partial refund.

Pools

Combination of individuals contributing resources for a common purpose, used in various contexts like betting.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist and philanthropist, leader in the steel industry, promoted philanthropy through "The Gospel of Wealth."

Vertical Integration

Business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production, reducing reliance on external entities.

Horizontal Integration

Business strategy of acquiring or merging with similar companies to eliminate competition and expand market size.

Interlocking Directorates

Business practice where a board member serves on multiple companies' boards, potentially leading to collusion and industry control.

J.P

Financier who organized support to stabilize the economy during the severe economic depression.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1890 law increasing government silver purchases monthly, addressing farmers' and miners' concerns but not authorizing free coinage.

Bessemer Process

Method for mass-producing steel from molten iron, revolutionizing steel production in the 19th century.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the first working telephone in 1876, founder of the Bell Telephone Company.

Thomas Alva Edison and Menlo Park

American inventor known for the phonograph and the incandescent light bulb, operated an innovative laboratory in Menlo Park.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law regulating the railroad industry and creating the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Regulatory agency established by the Interstate Commerce Act to oversee railroads and later expanded to other industries.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890 law prohibiting monopolistic business practices to promote fair competition.

RR Strike of 1877 and the Knights of Labor

Significant labor uprising by railroad workers advocating for improved working conditions.

Haymarket Bombing

1886 incident during a workers' rally in Chicago, leading to casualties and legal actions against individuals.

American Federation of Labor

Federation of labor unions founded in 1886, focusing on organizing skilled workers and advocating for better conditions.

Samuel Gompers

First president of the American Federation of Labor, prominent labor leader advocating for workers' rights.

Pullman Strike

Major labor conflict in the US in 1894, highlighting the power of organized labor and the need for worker protections.

Eugene Debs

American labor leader and socialist, known for his involvement in the Pullman Strike and advocacy for workers' rights.

Laissez-Faire

Economic theory advocating minimal government intervention in business affairs.

Social Darwinism

Social theory justifying imperialism and conservative policies based on the concept of "survival of the fittest."

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's essay promoting philanthropy and the responsibility of the wealthy to benefit society.

Horatio Alger Myth

Belief in achieving success through hard work and moral character, popularized by Horatio Alger Jr.'s stories.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Legislation restricting Chinese immigration to the US and declaring Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization.

Vaqueros

Skilled horsemen and cattle herders in Spanish colonial Mexico and the American Southwest, influencing cowboy culture.

Boom Towns

Communities experiencing rapid growth due to the discovery of valuable resources like gold, silver, or oil.

Barbed Wire

Fencing wire with sharp barbs, revolutionizing fencing and territorial boundaries in the late 19th century.

Little Big Horn

Conflict in 1876 between federal troops and Native American warriors, resulting in the defeat and death of Custer.

Dawes Act

1887 law dividing tribal lands into individual plots to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream US society.

Ghost Dance Movement

Religious movement among Native Americans in 1890, aiming to return to traditional ways of life and leading to violent clashes.

John Muir

Founder of the Sierra Club, influential in environmental conservation and preservation of wilderness areas like Yosemite National Park.

New South

Post-Civil War vision for industrialization and economic growth in the Southern United States, advocated by figures like Henry W. Grady.

Tuskegee Institute

Founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881, providing vocational training and education for African Americans.

George Washington Carver

African American scientist known for research on peanuts, developing over 300 products and contributing to agricultural science.

Plessy v

1896 Supreme Court case upholding racial segregation under "separate but equal," justifying Jim Crow laws.

Ida B

African American civil rights advocate, journalist, and feminist fighting against racial injustice and lynching.

Booker T

Prominent African American leader emphasizing self-help, economic advancement, and accommodation with white society.

Grange Movement

Founded in 1867 to advocate for farmers' rights and combat monopolistic practices in the agricultural industry.

Munn v

1876 Supreme Court case affirming states' power to regulate private industries for public welfare.

Ocala Platform

Demands by agrarian organizations in 1890, influencing the Populist Party's agenda.

Turner’s Thesis

Frontier's impact on American character and democratic institutions, fostering individualism and innovation.

Statue of Liberty

Symbol of freedom and democracy, gifted by France to the United States in 1886.

Ellis Island

Immigration station from 1892 to 1954, first stop for millions of immigrants entering the U.S.

Tenements

Overcrowded housing for working-class families in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leading to reforms.

Tammany Hall

Democratic Party's executive committee in New York City, known for political control through charity and patronage.

“City Beautiful” Movement

Urban-planning movement aiming to create aesthetically pleasing cities and improve living conditions.