AP Bio: 1.4- Properties of Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates composed of (2)

Sugars and polymers of sugar (“-ose”)

Multiple _____ groups and one _____ group in a carbohydrate

Hydroxyl (-OH), Carbonyl (C=O)

Carbonyl group is at the end

Aldose

Carbonyl group is in the middle

Ketose

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides

Most common monosaccharide and crucial in glycolysis

Glucose

Made up of glycerol and three fatty acids joined by an ester bond

Lipids

Linkage forming a triglyceride/triaglycerol

Ester bond

Lipids are ____, and are, therefore, hydrophobic

Non-polar

Importance for this macromolecule:

Storage molecule

Insulation in animals

Lipids

3-carbon alcohol w/ a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

Glycerol

Fatty acids are long chains of ____ attached to a ____ group

Carbon, carboxyl

These fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms

Saturated fatty acids

These fatty acids contain a maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Saturated fatty acids

These fatty acids are usually found in animals and solidify at room temperature

Saturated fatty acids

These fatty acids have one or more double and/or triple bonds between carbon atoms

Unsaturated fatty acids

This fatty acid is liquid at room temp and typically found in plants, fish, and vegetable oil

Unsaturated fatty acid

Composition of phospholipid

Phospholipid

One of the fatty acids of a triglyceride, replaced by a phosphate group

Phospholipid

Major component of cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayer

This part of a phospholipid contains the glycerol and phosphate group

Head

This part of the phospholipid contains two fatty acids (one saturated, one unsaturated)

Tail

A carbon skeleton made up of 4 fused rings

Steroids

Every steroid has 4 linked ____ ___ and most have short tails

Carbon rings

A type of steroid with a short tail, has hydroxide functional group attached to it, which makes it classify as an alcohol, and is an important component of animal cell membranes

Cholesterol

This steroid is an important component of animal cell membranes

Cholesterol

How many amino acids make up a protein

20

What are amino acids joined by that make them a protein?

Polypeptides

When 2 amino acids are joined together through dehydration synthesis

Dipeptide

When MANY amino acids join through dehydration synthesis

Polypeptide

Folding of one or more polypeptides forms a …

Protein

Each amino acid consists of what (3)

Amino group

Carboxyl group

R group

What does the R group determine?

The property of the amino acid, and, therefore, the structure

What four elements do nucleic acids contain?

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

What are nucleotides made up of?

5-carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base (A, T, G, C, U)