A&P Speech Production Exam 2

Principle components of respiratory framework

Vertebral column, rib cage, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

Torso

Vertebral column, rib cage, & pelvis

How many vertebrae are there?

32/33

Vertebral parts

Corpus, pedicles, articular facet, neural arch, transverse process, spinous process

Cervical vertebra

C1-7; Have transverse foramina for entrance and exit of veins, arteries, and nerves

Atlas

C1; supports the skull

Axis

C2; forms pivot around which the skull and C1 can rotate

Thoracic vertebra

T1-12; have articular facet on transverse processes for attachment of ribs

Lumbar vertebra

L1-5; larger, as they serve a weightbearing role

Sacral vertebra

S1-5; fused together to form single structure called the sacrum

Coccygeal vertebra

3-4 vestigial vertebrae; fused together to form single structure called the coccyx

Vestigial

A part of the body that has become functionless over the course of evolution

Kyphosis

Increase in convexity of thoracic curve (humpback)

Lordosis

Increase in concavity in lumbar region (overarching)

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature

Rib cage

12 pairs of ribs that articulate posteriorly with vertebral column

Ribs 1-7

Articulate directly with sternum via costal cartilages

Ribs 8-10

Costal cartilages connect to superior ribs

Ribs 11-12

Have no anterior attachment; “floating ribs”

Manubrium

Uppermost segment of the sternum

Body

Longer narrow structure of the sternum

Xiphoid process

Inferior most part of the sternum; vestigial

Pectoral girdle

Made up of the clavicle and scapula

Pelvic girdle

Consists of the coxal bone, sacrum, and coccyx

Coxal bone

Consist of the illium, ischium, and pubis

Acetabulum

Socket for femur where the parts of the coxal bone meet

Sacrum

Fused sacral vertebrae

Coccyx

Fused coccygeal vertebrae

Trachea

Comprised of horseshoe shaped rings of hyaline cartilage and lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the larynx above and bronchi below

Bronchi

Tubes which extend from the trachea above to the lungs

Alveoli

Air sacs of the lungs; location of exchange of gases between airways and blood

Respiratory airways

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alevolar sacs, alveoli

Recursion

Reiterative application of rule/principal at hierarchal scale; “tree-like structure”

Lungs

Irregular shaped cones of spongy, porous, elastic connective tissue

Pleural linkage

Thin, watery membrane that connects the lungs to the thoracic walls using negative pressure

Parietal pleura

Inner surface of thoracic cavity, including the superior surface of the diagphragm

Visceral pleura

Outer surface of the lungs

Intrapleural space

Fluid filled negative pressure region between visceral and parietal pleura

Collapsed lung/pneumothorax

When pleural linkage is broken

Passive forces of breathing

Natural recoil of structures, surface tension of the alveoli, gravity

Active forces of breathing

Involve musculature

Diaphragm

Dome shaped structure of muscle and tendon that divides thorax from the abdomen

Aortic hiatus

For passage of descending aorta

Esophageal hiatus

Oval shaped opening for the esophagus

Foramen vena cava

For passage of inferior vena cava

Diaphragm action

Increases vertical dimension or thorax and decreases thoracic pressure; decreases volume and increases pressure in abdominal cavity

External intercostals

Lift rib cage upward and outward to expand the ribcage

Major inhalatory muscles

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Accessory inhalatory muscles

Levatores costarum, serratus posterior superior, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, seratus anterior, sternocleidomastoideus, scalenes

Levatores costarum

Elevates the ribs; origin C7 and T1-11

Serratus posterior superior

Elevate ribs 2-5; origin at C7 and T1-3

Pectoralis major

Draws sternum and ribs down and out when shoulder is fixed

Pectoralis minor

Lift ribs 3-5 when scapula is fixed

Subclavius

Lift rib 1 with clavicle braced

Serratus anterior

Lift ribs 1-9 or 9 with scapula braced

Sternocleidomastoideus

Elevate sternum with head fixed, flex skull towards torso with sternum fixed

Scalenes

Raise ribs 1 and 2; connected to C2-7

Main exhalatory muscles

Rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominus

Linea alba

The thick fibrous band at the midline of the abdominal aponeurosis

Linea semilunaris

Where internal and external sheath come together

Rectus abdominus

Long ribbon-like muscle on ventral aspect of the abdominal cavity

External oblique

Broad, flat muscle on lateral and anterior portions of lower thorax and abdomen; most superficial

Internal oblique

Large, flat muscle on lateral and ventral aspect of abdomen; middle layer of abdominal musculature

Transverse abdominus

Deepest abdominal muscle

Abdominal muscle action

Flexor of vertebral column, enclose and support abdominal contents, decrease size of thoracic and abdominal cavities

Accessory expiratory muscles

Subcostals, internal intercostals, transverse thoracis, quadratus lumborum, serratus posterior inferior

Subcostals

Depresses ribs; close the the vertebral column

Internal intercostals

Depresses ribs; not as prominent or strong as external intercostals

Transverse thoracis

Depresses ribs; attached to the inner surface of the sternum

Quadratus lumborum

Flat sheet of muscle on lateral dorsal aspect of abdominal wall that depresses rib 12

Serratus posterior inferior

Pulls down on lower ribs; attached to T11-12 and L1-3

Vertical rib movement

Diaphragm contraction

Transverse rib movement

Elevation and rotation of curved ribs (water bucket)

Anteroposterior rib movement

Anterior and superior movement of sternum (pump handle)

Respiratory system

The structures that are involved in the exchange of gases between the blood and external environment

Pressure

Force per unit of area; cmH20

Volume

Size of cavity; cubic meters

Volume flow rate

Volume of air passing by some location through an area during a period of time; cubic meters/second

Resistance

Opposition offered to flow of air through a system; pascals/(cubic meters/second)

Negative pressure

Pressure that is lower than atmospheric pressure

Positive pressure

Pressure that is higher than atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure

Force exerted by air against 1 square inch of earth at sea level; 14.7 psi=1033 cmH2O

Boyles Law

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, with temperature constant; uses absolute pressure

Newton’s 2nd law of motion

An unbalanced force acting on a body causes an acceleration; air will flow from region of high to low pressure

Alveolar pressure (Palv)

Pressure in the lung

Atmospheric pressure (Patm)

Pressure outside the lungs

Laminar flow

Smooth or streamlined flow; typical for lower airway and relaxed breathing in upper airways

Turbulent flow

Flow with local randomness in direction and speed; characteristics of upper airways and high pressure/flow rates

Lung-thorax unit

The system of the rib cage (thorax) and the lungs working together; consists of lungs, pleural linkage, and thorax

Resting expiratory level (REL)

Balance between forces from lungs and rib cage; a state of equilibrium

Volumes

The amount of air moved during inspiration and expiration

Capacities

Absolute amount of air that the lungs hold in the respiratory cycle

Tidal volume (TV)

Amount of air inspired or expired during typical respiratory cycle

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from end-inspiratory level

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from end-expiratory level

Residual volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration; “dead air”

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Volume of air in lungs and airway above REL; TV+IRV

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Volume of air in lungs and airway at REL; ERV+RV

Vital capacity (VC)

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration; IRV+RV+ERV

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Volume of air in lungs and airway after maximum inspiration; IRV+TV+ERV+RV