World History Semester 1, People

Bessemer

Bessemer

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Nobel

Swedish chemist remembered for his invention of dynamite/blast cap that created the Nobel prizes

Volta

Discovered methane, invented electric battery, voltaic pile

Edison

invented the phonograph/record player, the moving picture and the electric/incandescent light bulb, double AA battery

Otto

Internal combustion engine, free piston engine

Daimler

German engineer and automobile manufacturer who produced the first high-speed internal combustion engine in an automobile, made the first automobile

Ford

Moving car assembly line, Ford motor company

Wright Brothers

First to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane, in KittyHawk NC

Morse

Invented the telegraph and a code used to transmit letters of the alphabet, codeveloper of morse code

Bell

Invented the telephone, taught speech to deaf students

Marconi

Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio, invented the radio

Morton

Created ether anesthesia

Rockefeller

Captain of industry that created a monopoly in oil refineries, richest man in the world

Krupp

German business leader who created a steel making monopoly, company produced ammunition and weaponry

Whitney

cotton gin and interchangeable parts

Watt

Greatly improved (but did not invent) the steam engine, increased its efficiency, new concept of horsepower (watt)

Smith

Wrote The Wealth of Nations; argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business, laissez faire

Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings. wrote "leviathan"

Voltaire

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. "Candide"

Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, was for democracy, influenced by Locke, Montesquieu, and others

Locke

Wrote "Two Treatises of Government." Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. Blank Slate.

Kay

Invented the flying shuttle

Montesquieu

wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government.

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

Rousseau

Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

Wollenstonecraft

"Vindication of the rights of women," compulsory education for boys and girls

Lavoisier

French chemist who is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry, named oxygen and hydrogen, oxygen theory of combustion, created the first periodic table however it was flawed

Copernicus/Kepler/Brahe

All proved the heliocentric theory correct

Leeuwenhoek

father of modern microbiology; first to observe living cells

Newton

3 laws of motion

Gilbert

Father of electricity and magnetism, wrote "De Magnete", explained ideas of magnetic compass, connected magnetism and how the earth rotates, magnetic pole, led to creation of the electroscope

Galileo

An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life. Law of falling bodies.

Huygens

pendulum clock, wave theory of light, discovered the rings of Saturn,

Bacon

This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method, inductive thinking

Descartes

French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. Deductive thinking, "I think therefore I am"

Harvey

Discovered the circulatory system, helped with surgery, arteries pump blood from the heart

Vesalius

He is referred as the father of anatomy, did public dissection, discovered neurons, improved knowledge of most of the anatomical systems (skeletal, muscular, nervous system, brain, etc)

Boyle

Boyle's Law - the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it, cofounded royal society of science

Pare'

Father of amputation and artificial limbs, tied arteries instead of searing them, invented many surgical inventions

Cook

Mapped the pacific, New Zealand, Australia, and the Great Barrier Reef. Discovered Hawaii.

Magellan

This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world, even though he did not make it himself. Named the Pacific Ocean, Magellan strait.

Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico, helps establish Mexico City

Cabral

This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal, claimed the Amazon river.

de Gama

first to sail from africa to asia. left portugal and sailed around Cape of Good Hope and reached India.

Vespucci

Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America, sent by Medici family. America named after him.

Pizzaro

introduced the horse and military type of guns and cannons to ambush the Incas. Led Spain to dominate most of South America

Cartier

Discovered and claimed most of Quebec/Canada for France, why many people speak French

Cabot

An Italian navigator who sailed for England in 1497 and headed toward the Americas landing in Newfoundland

Hudson

English navigator who discovered the Hudson River and Hudson Bay, tried and failed to find the northwest passage

Balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of Northern Europe, "praise of folly"

Sir Thomas More

Wrote Utopia about a perfect society

Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which shows how Europe is advancing and the Middle Ages should be mocked

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, led to the reformation of the Catholic Church, translated the Bible to the common language in 12 years

Guttenberg

Inventor of the printing press in 1456

Shakespeare

the leading English language poet and playwright of the Renaissance, "Romeo and Juliet" "Macbeth" played on human emotions

Caravaggio

Invented the technique tenebrism, famous works are "the 7 acts of mercy"

Donatello

Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. "The bronze David" marble, bronze, and wood

Botticelli

Italian Renaissance painter who painted members of the Medici family and religious figures. Panel painting and fresco. "Birth of Venus"

Durer

First Renaissance man in Germany, self portraits, gothic style, "durer's rhinoceros"

Van Eych

Flemish painter who was the first to use oil paints

Bruegel

Famous Flemish painter who depicted landscapes with the central focus on human peasant life.

Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation, discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; originated the process of pasteurization

Lister

First to use disinfectants in surgical procedures; antiseptics

Koch

Created a cure for tuberculosis

Michelangelo

Sculptor, Engineer, Painter, Architect, and Poet. Began with shaping marble into masterpieces like the Pieta. He dissected human corpses and learned about human anatomy. Most know for The David, The Pieta, The Last Judgement (Sistine Chapel ceiling), The Creation of Adam

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.