Bio sci 93: Lecture 8 - Nucleus, Ribosomes, and Endomembrane System Overview

Chromatin

DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus.

Gonads

Reproductive glands producing gametes and hormones.

Lumen

Internal space within membranous organelles.

Autophagy

Process of degrading and recycling cellular components.

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Genetic condition requiring two abnormal genes.

Nucleus

Contains genetic material of eukaryotic cells.

Nuclear membrane

Double membrane enclosing the nucleus.

Nuclear pores

Complexes allowing transport in/out of nucleus.

Nuclear localization signals

Tags facilitating nuclear transport of substances.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines synthesizing proteins.

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA forming ribosome structure.

Free ribosomes

Synthesize proteins for cytosol.

Bound ribosomes

Synthesize membrane and secreted proteins.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Membranous network continuous with nuclear envelope.

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis and detoxification, ribosome-free.

Rough ER

Protein processing with ribosomes attached.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and ships cellular products.

Cis face

Receiving side of the Golgi apparatus.

Trans face

Shipping side of the Golgi apparatus.

Lysosome

Digestive organelle breaking down waste.

Lysosomal enzymes

Break down macromolecules at low pH.

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs)

Inherited conditions from enzyme deficiencies.

Examples of LSDs

Gaucher, Fabry, Niemann-Pick, Pompe, Tay-Sachs.

Calcium sequestration

Regulation of calcium stores in muscle cells.

Cisternae

Internal membrane stacks in ER and Golgi.

Proton pumps

Maintain low pH in lysosomal membrane.

Microtubules

Cytoskeletal elements transporting vesicles.

Autophagy

Degradation and recycling of cellular components.