B&C2: Treatments and drugs

star whichever ones actually feel relevant, i didn't know which to filter out

Cessation

Detoxification when over-drank

Reverses Wernicke’s Encephelopathy

High-dose vitamin B1 injections

Treatment for alcohol

inpatient or outpatient addiction services 

Cure for Alzheimer’s

There is none.

Main diagnostic methods of Alzheimer’s

• Neuropsychological assessment

• Structural imaging

Drugs given for Alzheimer’s (2)

• Cholinesterase inhibitors (stops loss of cholinergic neurons, improving communication between brain cells) 

• Memantine (increases glutamate)

2 treatments for aneurysms (vascular cognitive impairment)

• Endovascular treatment: such as coiling or stent placement, which are inserted into the blood vessel through the groin 

• Neurosurgical intervention (clipping), where the aneurysm is closed with a metal clip

Cure for Parkinson’s 

No cure !!

Drugs for Parkinson’s (5)

• Levodopa

• Dopamine agonists

• Monoamine oxidase type-B inhibitors

• Amantadine 

• Rivastigmine (for cognitive impairment)

Treatment for Parkinson’s (2)

→ deep brain stimulation (DBS) → implanting a thin wire with electrodes into the brain → high-frequency stimulation will alter the brain signals, leading to symptom improvement 

→ levodopa-carbiodopa intestinal gel (LCIG, brand name Duodopa)

• administered as a gel directly into the first part of the small intestine, to offer more continuous dopaminergic stimulation leading to more constant levodopa levels

Types of atypical parkinsonisms

Lewy body dementia (LBD)

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD)
Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Lewy body dementia (LBD) characteristics

Early dementia

Cognitive impairment

Hallucinations

Rigidity

Bradykinesia

(very Parkinson’s like)

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) characteristics

Asymmetric motor symptoms

• Alien hand

Apraxia

Cognitive deficits

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) characteristics

Erectile dysfunction

Incontinence (pee self)

Orthostatic hypotension (BP suddenly drops)

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) characteristics

Axial rigidity

Disinhibition

Emotional instability

6 first-generation epilepsy drugs

Luminal

Diphantoin

Ethymal

Depakine

Frisium

Tegretol

side effects: decrease info processing speed, attention, and executive functions

10 second- generation epilepsy drugs

Taloxa

Neurontin

Lamictal

Topamax

Keppra

Trileptal

Sabril

Zonegran

Diacomit

Lyrcia

varying side effects

4 third-generation epilepsy drugs

Fycompa

Briviact

Inovelon

Vimpat

no major side effects! :)

Epilepsy treatments (3)

→ Wada test

→ Grid surgery

→ stereo EEG

Genetic disorder detectors (2)

Non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT, through blood tests), or a combined test (blood test and nuchal scan), enabling genetic abnormalities to be detected 

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) → examine entire genome for possible genetic variations 

Glasgow Coma Scale

measure cognitive dysfunctions after brain injury

Elaborate drawing test

Rey Figure Test

Scale to determine the severity of Parkinson’s symptoms

Hoehn and Yahr Scale

Hyposmia

fked sense of smell (Parkinson’s)

Ischemic core

Spot on brain with critically low blood flow that WILL die

Penumbra

Brain area around ischemic core

Diaschisis

Brain area being functionally disconnected because of the affected brain tissue

Temporal confusion

Loss of sense of time (in Korsakoff’s, this affect how they consolidate (and sequence) their memories)

Simulating (ch3)

pretending non-existing complaints

Aggravating (ch3)

exaggerating complaints

Sensitivity (ch3)

identifying people with a disease

Specificity (ch3)

identifying people without a disease

Problematic alcohol use

Physical/psychological/social problems regardless of quantity

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

Problematic use meeting the DSM criteria

Binge drinking

Took much in a short period, but with abstinence phases (>5 for men, >4 for women)

Alcohol intoxication

Excessive use causing disorientation, less of consciousness, etc. (‘being rlly drunk’, one-time thing, consistent intoxication can lead to others)

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Sudden withdrawal after long-term use

Status epilepticus

seizure activity lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without recovery

Order from most common to least:

Lewy Body Dementia, Alzheimer’s Dementia, Frontotemporal Dementia, Vascular Dementia

Most common: Alzheimer’s Disease

Vascular Dementia

Lewy Body Dementia

Least common: Frontotemporal Dementia

Order from most common to least:

Noonan, Klinefelter, Neurofibromatosis 1, Turner, Prader-Willi

Klinefelter (1:600)

Noonan (1:1,000–1:2,500)

Turner (1:2,000)

Neurofibromatosis 1 (1:3,000)

Prader–Willi (1:15,000)

Type 1 error vs Type 2 error

Type I error is a false positive (rejecting a true null hypothesis)

Type II error is a false negative (failing to reject a false null hypothesis)

What are 7 types of validity’s

Face validity

Content validity

Concept validity

Criterion validity

Predictive validity

Concurrent validity

Ecological validity

Face validity

on the surface, how well does the test seem to be measuring what it’s meant to

Content validity

How representative is the test of all relevant content

Concept/construct validity

how well does it measure the theoretical concept

Criterion validity

to what extend can a test predict a patient’s performance on an external criterion

Predictive validity

how well does a test actually predict behaviour

Concurrent validity

comparison between a neuropsychological test and another instrument that measure the same construct

Ecological validity

the extent to which the test predicts how a patient will function in their own daily environment