CH 11: The Gastrointestinal System

BE

barium enema

NGT

nasogastric tube

NPO

nothing by mouth

PEG

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

PEJ

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy

BM

bowel movement

N&V

nausea and vomiting

CCE

cholecystectomy

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

EUS

endoscopic ultrasound

FOBT

fecal occult blood test

LFT

liver function test

GI

gastrointestinal

UGI

upper gastrointestinal

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

HAV

hepatitis A virus

HBV

Hepatitis B

HCV

Hepatitis C

IBD

inflammatory bowel disease

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

PUD

peptic ulcer disease

RLQ

right lower quadrant

RUQ

right upper quadrant

LLQ

left lower quadrant

LUQ

left upper quadrant

What does the gastrointestinal system do?

breaks down food for absorption and distribution to the rest of the body

-first step is digestion

what are the three types of food feul?

protein, fat, carbohydrates

Gastrointestinal system is broken into the

1. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

- divided into upper and lower tracts

2. Accessory organs

gastrointestinal tract

1.mouth

2.pharynx

3.esophagus

4. stomach

5. small intestine

6.large intestine

Accessory structures

1. Teeth

2. Tongue

3. Salivary Glands

4. Liver

5. Gallbladder

6. Pancreas

or/o, stomat/o

mouth

dent/o, odont/o

teeth

gingiv/o

gums, gingiva

chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

esophag/o

esophagus

gastr/o

stomach, belly

Lower GI tract

small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum

small intestine consists of

1. Duodenum- most of the chem breakdown happens here

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

large intestine consists of

cecum, colon(ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) , rectum

main function- absorb remaining water

enter/o

intestines (usually the small intestine)

duoden/o

duodenum (first part of small intestine)

jejun/o

jejunum (second part of small intestine)

ile/o

ileum (third part of small intestine)

col/o,colon/o

colon, large intestine

sigmoid/o

sigmoid

rect/o

rectum, straight

an/o

anus

proct/o

rectum

supporting structures/digestive organs

liver-produces bile

--bile is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the small intestine

pancreas

--enzymes to break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

sial/o

saliva, salivary

bil/i, chol/e

bile, gall

GI organs have three primary functions:

digestion, absorption, elimination

-surrounded by peritoneum

peritoneum

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o

abdomen

cyst/o

bladder, sac

doch/o

duct

hepat/o, hepatic/o

liver

pancreat/o

pancreas

peritone/o

peritoneum

GI problems can be categorized into problems of

-infection or inflammation

-change in function

-GI tract structure

Infections are common

-lead to organ inflammation

-viral or bacterial

-signs and symp lead practitioner to area of gi tract affected

-pain common

-inflam. can be caused by inherited disorders, stress, or reaction to med

change in function

-food flows in wrong directions

-food flows without being properly digested or absorbed

change in structure

overgrowth, stones

aerodontalgia

ER-oh-dawn-TAL-jah

tooth pain caused by exposure to air

aphagia

-ah FAY jee ah-

inability to eat

dentalgia

den-TAL-jah

tooth pain

dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-ah)

indigestion

esophagalgia

eh-SAWF-ah-GAL-jah

pain in the esophagus

eupepsia

yoo-PEP-see-ah

good digestion

gastralgia (gas-TRAL-jee-ah)

pain in the stomach

gastrodynia (gas-troh-DIN-ee-ah)

stomach pain

gingivalgia

JIN-jih-VAL-jah

gum pain

gingivostomatitis

(JIN-jih-voh-STOH-mah-TAI-tis)

inflammation of the mouth and gums

hematemesis

(HEM-at-EM-eh-sis)

vomiting blood

hemat / emesis

blood / vomiting

hyperemesis

(HAI-per-EM-eh-sis)

excessive vomiting

hyper / emesis

over / vomiting

odontalgia

(OH-dawn-TAL-jah)

tooth pain

odontodynia

(oh-DAWN-toh-DIH-nee-ah)

tooth pain

stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth

stomatodynia

(stoh-MAT-oh-DAI-nee-ah)

mouth pain

constipation

difficulty in passing stools

diarrhea

passing of fluid or unformed feces

dysentery (DIS-en-TER-ee)

another name for diarrhea

enterodynia

(EN-ter-oh-DIH-nee-ah)

pain in the intestines

hemorrhoid

(HEM-oh-ROID)

inflammation of the veins surrounding the anus

rectalgia

rek-TAL-jah

rectal pain

cholecystalgia

KOH-lay-sis-TAL-jah

pain in the gallbladder

jaundice

yellowing of skin, tissue, and fluids caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the blood

icterus

another name for jaundice

sialorrhea

SAI-ah-loh-REE-ah

excessive salivation

gastromalacia

GAS-troh-mah-LAY-shah

softening of the stomach

gastroparesis

GAS-troh-par-EE-sis

partial paralysis of the stomach

gingivitis

JIN-jih-VAI-tis

inflammation of the gums

gingivoglossitis

JIN-jih-voh-glaw-SAI-tis

inflammation of the gums and tongue

glossoplegia

GLAW-soh-PLEE-jah

paralysis of the tongue

odontoclasis

(OH-dawn-TAWK-lah-sis)

breaking of a tooth

stomatogastric (stoh-MAH-toh-GAS-trik)

pertaining to the mouth and stomach

stomatosis

(STOH-mah-TOH-sis)

mouth condition

anophony

an-AW-foh-nee

sound from the anus