APUSH Test Periods 7 & 8

Big Sister Policy

U.S foreign policy with the initiative of helping Latin America behind U.S leadership which opened their markets for American trade; proposed by James Blaine.

McKinley Tariff 1890

Raised average import duties to nearly 50% - one of the highest tariffs in U.S. History; proposed by William McKinley.

Spanish-American War

Conflict between the U.S. and Spain which occurred due to American support for Cuban independence and the major explosion of the USS Maine.

Cuba and Weyler

Spanish Gen. Weyler forced Cuban civilians into these camps to crush the desires of the independence movement.

Yellow Journalism

Style of sensational journalism used by newspapers during this time period most famously by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

USS Maine

U.S. ship sent to Havana to protect American citizens during the Cuban revolt. Later mysteriously exploded killing over 250 sailors.

The De Lome Letter

Private letter by Spanish ambassador which criticized McKinley as a weak president.

Teller Amendment

Passed by Congress stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba but would leave control of the island to its people after the war.

US Imperialism

America was seen as imperialist as it expanded its political economic and military influence throughout the whole world.

Anti-Imperialist League

Group formed in 1989 who opposed U.S. expansion and imperialism following the Spanish American War.

Aftermath of the Spanish American War

Ended with the treaty of Paris in which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the U.S, Cuban Independence, and showed America as a world power.

Foraker Act

Established a civil government in Puerto Rico after the Spanish American War. U.S could appoint the governor and upper house while PR could elect the lower house.

Insular Cases 1901

Series of Supreme Court rulings which decided that they were under U.S. control but not on the path of statehood.

Platt Amendment

Came after the Spanish American War which gave U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and required a U.S. naval base in the bay.

US intervention in the Philippines

U.S. decides to take control of the Philippines instead of granting its independence leading to the Philippine-American War.

Open Door Note 1899: China

Proposed by the U.S which called for equal trading for all nations in China and the preservation of China's territorial integrity.

Roosevelt Foreign Policy (Big Stick Diplomacy)

Negotiating peacefully while using the threat of military power to protect U.S. interest, mainly Latin America.

Latin America

Region where America sought to expand its influence through policies like the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary and the Big Sister Policy.

Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick

Approach of negotiate peacefully and fairly while maintaining a strong military power.

Roosevelt Corollary

Part of Monroe Doctrine states that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin American affairs to keep out European powers.

Beginnings of the Panama Canal

US wanted a canal across Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean for faster trade and military.

Russo-Japanese War

Roosevelt helps broker peace.

Gentleman's Agreement 1907-1908

Between America and Japan which Japan agreed to limit the emigration of its workers to the U.S for America to reduce restrictions of Japanese immigrants.

The Progressive Era

Period of social, political and economic reforms which aimed at addressing problems caused by industrialization, corruption and urbanization.

Social Gospel

Religious movement which urged Christians to apply their faith to solve social problems.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption, abuses, and social problems in business and society.

Muller v Oregon 1908

Court case that upheld a law limiting women's work hours in factories.

Adkins vs Children's Hospital 1923

Court case that struck down a minimum wage law for women in Washington D.C. stating that women had the same rights as men.

Roosevelt's Square Deal (Domestic)

Roosevelt's policy which aimed at fairness to workers, businesses and consumers.

Hepburn Act 1904

Law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum railroad rates and regulate other transportation practices.

Good Trusts vs Bad Trusts

Good Trusts are large companies that acted fairly, while Bad Trusts used unfair practices like price fixing.

Dissolved the Northern Securities Company

Railroads in the Northwest.

Connection to Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

Major success in breaking these monopolies, this act outlawed monopolies and showed his commitment in enforcing antitrust laws.

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

Book that exposed the dirty and unsafe condition in the meatpacking industry leading to public outrage.

Meat Inspection Act

Law which required federal inspection of meatpacking to make better conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Law which banned the sale of contaminated or mislabeled foods and medicine.

Forest Reserve Act 1891

Law that allowed the president to set aside public lands as forest for natural resources; protect them from overuse.

What did it allow Roosevelt to do in the Progressive Era?

Create and expand national forests.

William Taft

27th president who continued progressive reforms; less aggressive.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy which encouraged American businesses to invest in Latin America and Asia.

Dissolution of Standard Oil in 1911

Broke up Standard Oil for violating Sherman antitrust laws ending its monopoly.

Woodrow Wilson

Leader during Progressive Era and WWI.

New Freedoms Program

Focused on breaking up trust, lowering tariffs and reforming the banking system.

Federal Reserve Act 1913

Created a central banking system.

Federal Trade Commission Act 1914

Regulated unfair business practices.

Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

Strengthened antitrust laws.

Adamson Act 1916

Established an 8 hour workday.

M.A.I.N causes

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Militarism

Countries built up large armies creating tensions and race in Europe.

Alliances

Nations formed partnerships with one another.

Imperialism

Competition for colonies and resources heightened rivalries especially in Europe.

Nationalism

Strong pride in one's nation, ethnic group and army fueled these rivalries.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

Allies

France, Britain, Russia, Italy and U.S.

Death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Assassinated by a Serbian nationalist; more notably sparked WWI.

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by German U-Boat, killing over 1,000 people (128 American); made U.S. angry at Germany.

Sussex Pledge

Promise made by Germany to the U.S. that they would never sink a merchant ship without warning.

Zimmerman Note/Telegram 1917

Secret message between Germany and Mexico proposing an alliance if the U.S. entered WWI promising them Texas.

When was the US isolationist?

Before WWI.

Why did they become interventionist?

Problems on the rise involving the German U-Boat attack, Zimmerman Telegram and protect democracy.

Wilson's 14 Points

Plan by Wilson for peace after WWI.

Relation to causes of the war?

The plan basically addressed the main causes of WWI and tried to prevent another global conflict.

Committee of Public Information

Agency created to encourage propaganda to support the war through posters, speeches, and films.

Espionage and Sedition Acts 1917-1918

Law which made it illegal to interfere with the war, criticize the government or speak against U.S.; limit freedom of speech.

War Industries Board

Government agency during WWI to help construct the production of war materials and ensure if the military had everything that they needed.

US Food Administration

Government agency to manage the nation's food supply and ensure if America had enough food for the citizens and the allied troops.

The Great Migration

Large scale movement of African Americans from the rural south to the northern and western cities.

The Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty which ends WWI between Germany and allied powers.

How did it lead to WWII?

With the changes of post WWI Germany, it created anger and economic ruin allowing the Nazi party to rise.

Roaring 20s

Decade of economic prosperity, cultural change, and social transformation; changes in tech, lifestyle and culture.

Scientific Management

System to make work more efficient and productive; heavily influenced in the Progressive Era.

Fordism

Automobiles.

Radio

Became more popular.

Buying on credit

Feature allowing Americans to purchase goods immediately and pay them in small installments.

Flappers

Iconic symbol of the roaring twenties; were young people who challenged social norms.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural and social movement created in Harlem, NY which marked a period of black culture and history.

Relation to Great Migration?

It was fueled by the Great Migration as it brought millions of African Americans from the south and the northern cities like NY creating these movements.

Red Scare 1920

Period of fear toward communism and socialism after WWI.

Immigration Act/Quota of 1924

Severely restricted immigration and banned Asian immigrants.

Indian Citizenship Act 1924

Granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S.

Ethnic Enclaves

Neighborhoods where immigrants from the same country or culture settled.

US changes from debtor to creditor nation

Refers to the shift in the U.S. economic status post WWI.

Dawes Plan 1924

U.S led initiative to help Germany recover economically after WWI.

Beginnings of the Great Depression

Credit out of control, Bank failures fueled consumer boom but created hidden risks.

Agricultural Market Act 1929

Helped farmers during agricultural depression.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930

Law which raised tariffs on imported goods to high levels.

Black Tuesday 1929

Day when the U.S. stock market crashed.

Hoovervilles

Homes many of the common people lived in during the Great Depression; named as this as they blamed this mess after Herbert Hoover.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1932

Program created to stimulate the failing economy during Great Depression.

Bonus Expeditionary Force

Group of WWI vets who marched on Washington D.C for early payment of military bonus.

Good Neighbor Policy

Foreign policy toward Latin America improving relations.

Roosevelt's New Deal

Series of programs and reforms to recover from the Great Depression.

Hundred Days

First three months of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency.

Relief, Reform and Recovery

Three goals in the New Deal plan.

Fireside Chats

Series of radio messages by Roosevelt to inform and reassure the people during the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Bank Reform Act

Separated commercial banking from investment banking.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Popular New Deal program which provided jobs for unemployed civilians during the Great Depression.

Home Owners' Loan Corporation

New Deal agency which provided mortgage relief during the Great Depression.

Works Progress Administration

Provided jobs and income during the Great Depression.