POL102 MASTER

What was the First National Policy intended to do?

* Protect against American land ambitions
* Complete the national railway
* Set high tariffs against the USA to encourage branch plants

Define a region

A geographical entity in which the people may share certain economic, political, and cultural interests.

What were the solutions to Canada’s vast distance/land mass issue?

* East-west transportation systems (rail, air, national highway, confederation bridge)
* Communication systems (post, telephone, radio, etc.)

What is the purpose of primary industries?

Natural resource production

What is the purpose of secondary industries?

Refining and manufacturing

What is the purpose of tertiary industries?

Providing services such as transportation, communications, trade, etc to the primary and secondary industries

Who is included in the term “Indigenous“

The First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples

Define “treaty“

A binding and legal agreement between sovereign states, setting out on-going rights & obligations

Define “reserve“

Land set apart for occupancy by a Status Indian band, with imposed borders

Define “traditional treaty“

Off-reserve land used for generations for hunting, gathering and fishing

Define “ceremonial cites“

Sites anywhere that are of spiritual or cultural significance, such as burial grounds.

Define “colonialism“

When a government in one part of the world acquiring, creating, and maintaining human settlements in another part of the world. This often includes coercion, exploitation, and paternalism.

The beliefs that land is common property is meant to be shared and that they have the right to self-government belongs to which ethnic group?

Indigenous peoples

What were the issues with the Indian Act of 1876?

* It allowed provinces to nullify treaties.
* Stripped many Indigenous peoples of this status.
* Made it illegal for Indigenous peoples to take any action against the government.

What were some of the struggles of the Metis?

* They were not included in the Indian Act and struggled to hold onto their land.
* Land surveying.

What were some of the struggles of the Inuit?

* Titled “Indians“ under the Constitution but not under the Indian Act.
* European development made their traditional ways of living very difficult.

How did Residential Schools try to assimilate Indigenous peoples?

* They were not allowed to speak their native language.
* Widespread disease and death.
* Widespread abuse.

What was the Sixties Scoop?

The large-scale removal of Indigenous children from their families into the child welfare system, usually without the consent of their families or bands.

What did the White Paper aim to do?

* Dismantle the Indian Act
* Abolish statuses
* Conserve reserve land to private property of the band and it’s members

What Indigenous issues did the White Paper ignore?

* First nations rights or historical grievances concerning title and treaty rights.
* The lack of a meaningful way to facilitate Indigenous participation in Canadian policy making

Who led the modern Indigenous Rights movement - and with what document?

Indian Association of Alberta by publishing the Red Paper, which formally rejected the White Paper

The Kelowna Accord was shut down - but what did it aim to do?

First Ministers & Indigenous leaders agree to wide- ranging measures to improve Indigenous education, employment & living conditions and “close the gap”

What is the current situation for Canadian Indigenous peoples?

* Indigenous peoples are Canadian citizens, in most circumstances subject to Canadian law.
* Indigenous groups are to be treated as a third order of government, negotiating nation to nation with Canada.
* Bands have the right to set environmental & other policies on reserves.
* On traditional lands, federal government has a duty to consult.

What are some benefits that have recently been given to Indigenous peoples?

* Federal tax exemptions.
* The right to have community-run public schools on reserves.
* Health care.

Summarize the Oka Crisis

Town of Oka proposed golf course expansion & condo development on land claimed by the Mohawk of Kanesatake, which led to defense from the Mohawk warriors. Ultimately, the golf course/condo plans were cancelled and the situation brough land claims issues to the public eye.

Summarize the water issues for Indigenous peoples

In 2005, 75% of water systems in First nations communities were estimated to have major safety issues.

What did Bill C-45 do to Indigenous waterways?

It weakened protection for waterways, many of which pass through First Nations lands.

What are some other current Indigenous crises.

* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Womens
* Pipeline issues
* Performative measures that are not doing anything