Nose, Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx

Pharynx made of _____, ____, ____ (top to bottom)

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Nasal cavity and nasopharynx composed of ________ epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx made of _________ epithelium

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

Aspiration = ___

Food/fluid enters the breathing tube

Esophagus is _____ to the laryngopharynx and the larynx and trachea are _______ to the laryngopharynx

inferior, anterior

The _______ connects the __________ to everything below

Nasal and oral cavity

A-D

A: Nares (nostrils)

B: Choanae (posterior nares)

C: Superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae

D: Meatus

The ______ open into nasopharynx

choanae

Medial wall formed by ______

Nasal septum

Lateral walls include _________ with intervening ______-

Nasal conchae, meatuses

Functions of the nose (3)

• Conduct air into the respiratory tract

• Condition (warm, filter, hydrate) inspired air

• Sense odourant molecules in inspired air

_________ are found at the roof of the ___ bone

olfactory epithelium, ethmoid

• Choanae

• Nasal septum

The _____ closes the nasopharynx when eating

soft palate

The superior and middle nasal conchae are made by the _____, and ______, also separating the _______ and _____

ethmoid, cribiform plate, cranial, nasal

The superior, middle, and inferior meatus open up to the _____

air sinuses

• Nasal septum

• Superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae

• Superior, middle, inferior meatuses

CG: Crista galli

NS: Nasal septum

EB: Eyeball
MR: Medial rectus

E: Ethmoid air cell

M: Maxillary sinus

HP: Hard palate

OC: Oral cavity

MC: Middle concha

MM: Middle meatus

IC: Inferior concha

IM: Inferior meatus

The ______ is not part of the ethmoid

inferior concha

A-D, colours from top to bottom

A: Maxillary air sinus

B: Ethmoid air cells

C: Perpendicular plate

D: Crista galli

E: Superior/middle nasal concha

Beige: Frontal bone

Turquoise: Zygoma

Red: Maxillary bone

Green: Ethmoid bone

Beige: Vomer

Blue: Inferior nasal concha

Superior and middle nasal concha are overlayed with ____

respiratory epithelium

Crista galli is a continuation of the _____ into cranial cavity

perpendicular plate

A-F

A: Frontal sinus/bone

B: Hard palate/maxillary

C: Cribiform plate

D: Superior nasal concha

E: Middle nasal concha

Blue: Inferior nasal concha

Purple: Sphenoid bone

F: Sphenoid air sinus

Yellow: Palatine bone

A-F

A: Frontal sinus/bone

B: Hard palate/maxillary bone

C: Perpendicular bone

D: Crista galli

E: Cribiform plate

Beige: Vomer

F: Sphenoid air sinus/bone

Yellow: Palatine bone completed by septal cartilage

Paranasal sinuses are ____, ______ spaces which open into the _____

air-filled, mucus-membrane lined, nasal cavity

Top and bottom, left to right

• Olfactory epithelium

• Olfactory nerve fibres

• Olfactory bulb

• Olfactory tract

• Primary olfactory cortex

• Superior nasal concha

• Olfactory epithelium

• Cribiform plate

_____ brings odorants into contact with _____

Turbulence, olfactory epithelium

Axons from olfactory epithelium pass through the _____ as ______ to synapse on neurons in ________

Cribiform plate, CN I (olfactory nerve), olfactory bulbs

Secondary sensory neurons project to the ______, ______, _____

primary olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, limbic system

CNS interpretation of smell based on _________

Pattern of receptor activation

Olfactory organs are _______, ______

Neuroepithelium, underlying CT

Odorants dissolve in _____

mucus

Specific receptor binding of odorant causes _______

depolarization

>__ primary smells; different _______ on different neurons

50, receptor populations

_______ and _______ decrease with age

receptor #, sensitivity

___________ divide to replace worn out olfactory receptor cells

Regenerative basal cell

A-M

A: hard palate

B: Soft palate

C: Uvula

D: Palatoglossal arch (between palate and tongue)

E: Palatopharyngeal arch (soft palate and pharynx)

F: Palatine tonsils

G: Fauces

H: Lingual frenulum

I: Gingivae

J: Maxillary teeth

K: Mandibular teeth

L: Superior/inferior labial frenulum

M: Oral vestibule

Function of oral cavity

• Analysis

• Mechanical processing

• Lubrication

• Limited digestion

Oral mucosa made of ______ and _____-

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium, lamina propria

Lateral walls: cheeks containing _______

Buccinator muscles

A-H

A: Hard palate

B: Soft palate

C: Uvula

D: Pharynx

E: Palatoglossal arch

F: Palatopharyngeal arch

G: Palatine tonsils

H: Oral vestibule

Roof: Hard and soft palate

Floor: Tongue

Ant: Lips with orbicularis oris

Post: Palatoglossal folds

Orbicularis oris allows lips to ___

pucker

Intrinsic tongue muscles are entirely within the ____, no ______

tongue, bony attachments

Intrinsic muscles are ____, separated by the _______

Bilateral, fibrous septum of tongue

Intrinsic muscles are ______, _____ and _____, change _________

longitudinal, vertical, transverse, shape of the tongue

Motor innevervation of tongue: ___

CN XII

Touch innervation of tongue

Ant 2/3: CN V (mandibular division)

Post 1/3: CN IX

Taste innervation of tongue

Ant 2/3: CN VII

Post 1/3: CN IX

Extrinsic muscles pass to tongue from ______, ()

Bony attachments, position the tongue

A-D

A: Palatoglossus (palate)

B: Styloglossus (styloid)

C: Genioglossus (chin)

D: Hyoglossus (hyoid)

Motor innervation of extrinsic muscles via _____ except _____ which is _____

CN XII, palatoglossus, CN X

A-E

A: Mandible

B: Hyoid bone

Suprahyoid muscles

C: Anterior belly of digastric

D: Mylohyoid

E: Geniohyoid

Salivary glands are __________, each enclosed by a dense _______

3 paired exocrine glands, fibrous CT capsule

Serous cells (secretory portion) secretes _____ and _____

Proteins, glycoproteins

Mucous cells secrete _______

Glycoproteins

_________ cells of secretory portion are contractile, lie between _____ and ______ to move secretions into ______

Myoepithelial, secretory cells, basement membrane, ductal system

Ducts carry secretions of glands to surface of ____

Oral mucosa

Ducts are _______; _____ in basolateral membrane → ___, _____

highly branched, Na+-ATPase, Na+, H20 conservation

Most saliva produced by ________

submandibular gland

Salivary glands produce, secrete _____ made of ____, ____, ____, ____, ____

saliva

• water

• ions

• enzymes

• metabolites

• glycoproteins

_____ are anterior to ears; duct opens into _______ by ________

Parotid gland, oral vestibule, 2nd maxillary molar

Submandibular glands inferior to _____, ducts open into ______, lateral to ____

floor of oral cavity, lateral to lingual frenulum

Sublingual glands inferior to ____, numerous ducts open into ________, lateral to that of the ______

tongue, floor of oral cavity, submandibular gland

TMJ lies between the ______ and _______

Mandibular fossa, mandibular condyle

Articular disc of fibrocartilage subdivides TMJ _____

Joint space

The TMJ is a loose capsule, therefore it is ______ and ______

Highly mobile, easily dislocated

TMJ allows ______ movements (), and ______ movements ()

hinge (elevation, depression), gliding (protraction, retraction, lateral grinding)

Top to bottom

• Coronoid process

• External acoustic meatus

• Articular capsule

• Mastoid process

• Styloid process

• Lateral ligament

• Sphenomandibular ligament

• Stylomandibular ligament

Top to bottom

• Articular surface of mandibular fossa

• Articular disc

• Condylar process

• Neck of mandible

• Articular capsule

• Coronoid process

• Zygomatic bone

A: Masseter

B: Temporalis

C: Medial pterygoid

D: Lateral pterygoid

Masseter is the ____ and responsible for __

largest, elevation

Temporalis responsible for ____ and ____

Elevation, retraction

Medial pterygoid responsible for ______

Elevation, side to side movement of mandible

Lateral pterygoid responsible for __________

Protrusion, side to side movement of mandible

Somatic motor control of the muscles of mastication via __________

Mandibular division of CN V

The pharynx extends from the ______ to the ______

base of skull, upper esophageal sphincter

The pharynx _______ reflexively in ________

contracts, swallowing

Sensory innervation of pharynx by ______ and motor innervation largely by _______-

CN IX, CN X

Damage to CN X can cause _____

dysphagia

Nasopharynx opens into _____, ends at _____

Nasal cavity, soft palate

A-D

A: Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

B: Opening of pharyngotympanic tube

C: Palatine tonsils

D: Lingual tonsil

Oropharynx opens into _____, ends at _____

nasal cavity, soft palate

Laryngopharynx opens into ____ and _____

Larynx, esophagus

All pharyngeal muscles are innervated by the _____, except the ______, ()

CN X, stylopharyngeus, CN IX

Three circular pharyngeal muscles

• Superior, middle, inferior constrictor

Three pharyngeal longitudinal muscles

• Stylopharyngeus

• Palatopharyngeus

• Salpingopharyngeus

Stylopharyngeus attaches to ______

styloid process

Palatopharyngeus attaches to _____

Soft palate

A-F

A-C: Superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictor

D: Stylopharyngeus

E: Palatopharyngeus

F: Salpingopharyngeus

3 phases of swallowing

1. Buccal phase

2. Pharyngeal phase

3. Esophageal phase

Buccal phase is _____ ()

voluntary (decision to gulp)

Pharyngeal phase is _____, triggered by ______

involuntary, bolus touching back of oropharynx

Bolus is propelled through pharynx ______ by ___________

reflexively, coordinated contraction of pharyngeal muscles

Contraction of _____ isolates _____- from ______

Palatal muscles, oropharynx, nasopharynx

In esophageal phase, _____________ of esophageal muscles _________

Peristaltic contraction, propels bolus to stomach

3 main functions of the larynx

• Conducts air into the trachea

• Guards the trachea against entry of liquids and solids

• Produces sounds

Opening into the larynx is called the ____

glottis

Glottis is guarded by the _______

epiglottis

Inferiorly, the larynx opens into the ____

trachea