Exam 1 RSM

The number of minutes on a timer

Ratio

What is your natural hair color? Brown, Black, Blonde, or Red

Nominal

Rank your top three choices for graduate school.

Ordinal

I love when the teacher gives a pop quiz (1- strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree)

Nominal

What kind of cell phone do you have? Apple, Android, or Other

Nominal

The scientific approach helps researchers minimize ______.

bias

When do you start reviewing existing literature?

After you choose a topic

________ does not imply causation.

Correlation

Identify the incorrect word in the following sentence: "The results of our research prove that working out leads to weight loss."

Prove

True or False? Choosing a correlational research design for your study means you can conclude if one thing caused another.

False

The scientific approach is favored because it helps to ____________.

Minimize bias

What happens after research results are made public?

Other researchers critique

Other researchers verify results

More complex questions on the topic are explored

Other researchers verify results

More complex questions on the topic are explored

A study or measure that is not reliable _______ be valid.

Cannot

If studies using reliable and valid measures consistently found similar results, the results are _______.

Consistent

A study with high internal validity usually has low _______.

External validity

Replication is one way to test _______.

Reliability

I believe illegal drug use is a serious problems among college students. (1 strongly disagree - 5 strongly agree)

Interval

Have you ever used illegal drugs? Yes or No?

Nominal

Rank the seriousness of the following problems among college students (1=most serious, 8 least serious)

Ordinal

How many times have you observed illegal drug use while at college?

Ratio

Gender (Scales of Measurement)

Nominal

Age (Scales of Measurement)

Ratio

Ethnicity (Scales of Measurement)

Nominal

Highest level of education

Ordinal

Pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality

Ethics

Reliability refers to _______ and validity refers to _______.

consistency; accuracy

Reliability of a study:

How consistent the results are across similar studies.

Literal Replication

Conducting the same study with new participants

Conceptional Replication

Conducting a study examining the same patterns or relationships but with different methods

Internal Validity

Found an accurate relationship among variables, in that changes in one variable are caused by changes in another variable.

External Validity

The results of a study are accurate for different types of people in different settings assessed with different procedures.

Measurement Reliability

Consistency of a measure

Measurement Validity

Measurement is accurate in that it measures what it claims to measure

Internal Consistency

Consistency of responses to all the items in a scale

Test-retest reliability

Stability of scores on a scale over time

Alternate forms reliability

Consistency of scores on two different forms of a scale (Different test, get the same score (SAT)

Inter-rater reliability

Consistency between different raters' scores

Face-validity

Something looks like it measures what it's supposed to, just by looking at it.

Construct validity

The extent to which a measure mirrors the characteristics of a construct

Content Validity

Inclusion of all aspects of a construct by items on a scale or measure

Convergent validity

Positive relationship between two scales measuring the same or similar constructs

Divergent validity

Negative or no relationship between two scales measuring different constructs (Happy + Sad)

Criterion validity

Positive correlation between scale scores and a behavioral measure.

Concurrent validity

Positive correlation between scale scores and current behavior that is related to the construct assessed by the scale

Predictive validity

Positive relationship between a scale scores and a future behavior.