APUSH Unit 6-7 Vocab Quiz 2: Lessons 4-7

Collective Bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions

Knights of Labor

• Led by Terence V. Powderly
• Originally started in 1869 as a secret society in order to avoid detection by employers and went public in 1881
• Open membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants
• Goal was 1) to create a cooperative society in which labors owned the industries in which they worked 2) abolish child labor 3) abolish trust and monopolies 4) settle labor dispute through arbitration and not strikes
• Loosely organized, were not able to control local units desired to strike
• Failed after violence of the Haymarket riot in Chicago in 1886

Terence Powderly

Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)

Haymarket Riot

• Chicago, home of 80,000 Knights, and also about 200 anarchists had called for a strike to achieve an 8 hour work day
• Labor violence had then broken out in Chicago through a public meeting led by workers at Haymarket Square, Chicago
• When the police tried to break it up, a bomb was hurled toward police officials and killed 7 police officers
• Anarchist leaders was tried for the crime and ended with Americans viewing the Knights of Labor as violent and radical
• ==Caused Knights of Union to lose popularity==

AFL (American Federation of Labor) (1886)

• A labor union formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers as a association of 25 craft unions of skilled workers
• Focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions unlike the reform-minded Knights of Labor
• Directed local unions to walk out until employers agree to negotiate with collective bargaining
• Used Pure and Simple Unionism (aka "bread and butter tactics" = 8 hours day, better wages, better pay)

Samuel Gompers

President of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

Pure and Simple Unionism

• Purposed by Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL
• Argued that "the trade unions pure and simple are the natural organizations of the wage workers to secure their present and practical improvement and to achieve their final emancipation."

Skilled vs. Unskilled

• Skilled laborers: create a whole product start to finish, mostly old immigrants who were mostly educated
• Unskilled laborers: only put together one part of the whole, mostly new immigrants who didn't know english

Great Railroad Strike (1877)

• Outbreaks of labor violence caused due to an economic depression of railroad companies leading to cutting wages in order to reduce cause
• Series of strikes starting on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad spreading across 11 states and shutting down 2/3 of the country's rail lines (national in scale)
• After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting (first time since 1830s using federal troops to stop labor violence)

Homestead Strike (1892)

• Henry Clay Frick, manager of Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Plant near Pittsburgh cut wages by nearly 20 percent
• Led to the strike on June 29, 1892, to protest the proposed wage cut.
• Henry C. Frick determined to break the union had used weapons, private guards and strikebreakers to defeat the steelworks' walkout after 5 month
• ==The strike had then fail, this had then led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s==

Pullman Strike

• Strike against George Pullman's company, Pullman Palace Car Company, in the town of Pullman, Illinois on May 11, 1894
• General cut in wages and fired the leaders of the workers' delegation desiring collective bargaining
• Workers then had requested help from the American Railway Union under Eugene V. Debs, Debs then had directed boycott with Pullman cars
• Railroad owners supported Pullman and had linked Pullman acrs to mail trains, federal court then issued an injunction forbidding interference with the operation of the mail and order the union to stop
• Deb and the union had refused, they were then arrested and jailed
• ==Supreme Court approved the use of court injunction against strikes==

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Looking Backward

• Book written by edward bellamy
• Looks backward to 1880s from a collectivized society of 2000
• Described experience of a young bostonian who slept in 1887 and woke up in 2000 to find the social order changed, large trusts that had grown grew and combined to create one big one that would distribute the wealth among everyone and eliminate class divisions-called it nationalism

Progress and Poverty

• Written by Henry George, critical of entrepreneurs, after studying poverty in America, determined that the rich didn't pay their fair share of taxes and advocated "Single Tax" on incremental value of land

Horatio Alger

• Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "Rags to Riches" books praising the values of hard work
• whose books inspired its readers to work hard and persevere through adversity
• "Work really hard and you'll find success." = Protestant Work Ethic

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

New Immigrants

• Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe
• Italians, Greeks, Croats, Russians, etc who were poor and illiterate peasants
• Held different religions such as Roman Catholic instead of Protestant

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

• Law that suspended Chinese immigration into America
• The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII
• First significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period
• Exclusion officially ended in 1965 with the Immigration Act of 1965

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

• Agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907-1908 represented an effort by President Theodore Roosevelt to calm growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers
• Growing hostility and racial antagonism towards Japanese fed by inflammatory articles in the press. On October 11, 1906, the San Francisco school board arranged for all Asian children to be placed in a segregated school. Japan was deeply wounded by San Francisco's discriminatory law aimed specifically at its people
• President Roosevelt intervened. ==Japan agreed to stop Japanese laborers intending to enter the United States.== This was followed by the formal withdrawal of the San Francisco school board segregation order. Enabled US to preserve good relations with Japan as a counter to Russian expansion in the Far East.

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

• The nation's first numerical limits on the number of immigrants who could enter the United States.
• Restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that country living in the United States as of the 1910 Census
• The Act identified the maximum number of people who could enter the United States from each foreign country

National Origins Act (1924)

• Aka Immigration Act of 1924
• Country-by-country limits which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely
• Made the quotas stricter and permanent
• Designed to keep out "undesirable" ethnic groups and maintain America's character as a nation of northern and western European stock
• The final quota figures were based on the ratio of different ethnic groups existing in America in 1890, before the second big wave of immigration by southern and eastern Europeans

Assimilation

Immigrants giving up old culture and become "American"

Melting Pot

• Does not allow immigrants to keep their identity
• A term symbolizing America showing that the America would welcome any culture and combine a bunch of different cultures to form a new "American" culture
• In reality, it was just getting rid of other cultures and increasing nativism.

Cultural Pluralism (Salad Bowl)

• Accepts immigrants to keep their identity

• A symbol to say that all cultures are cut into pieces and scattered over the United States. Together it forms a new culture but there are places where some cultures are more significant than others.

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support such as votes on election day

Pendleton Act

• Reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of merit, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission
• Opposing party patronage

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

• Passed by Congress and is named for Senator John Sherman, its principal author
• First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Benjamin Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting
• ==Prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce"==
• Ineffective b/c it contains legal loopholes and starts to be used against unions in restraint of trade

McKinley, Wilson-Gorman, and Dingly Tariffs (trend in 1890s)

• ==All Super HIGH tariffs in history==
• McKinley: sets tariff at highest peacetime rate so far od average 48.4%. Dramatically increased the tax rate on foreign products. Passed by President William McKinley.
• Wilson-Gorman: slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% tax on income over $4,000
• Dingly: raised tariffs in United States to counteract the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894, which had lowered rates

Grange (1867)

• Led by Oliver H. Kelley
• ==An association formed by farmers in the late 1800s to make life better for farmers with the goal to enhance lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities==
• Assist farmers with purchasing machinery, building grain elevators, lobbying for government regulation of railroad shipping fees and providing a support network for farm families.

Granger Laws

• State laws passed in the late 1860s and early 1870s regulating the fees grain elevator companies and railroads charged farmers to store and transport their crops
• ==Fought monopolistic grain transport practices==
• Enacted in the states of Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois

Munn vs. Illinois (1877)

• Munn, a Chicago warehouse firm partner, was found guilty of violating a state law that provided for the fixing of maximum charges for storing grain in Illinois
• Munn went against "Granger laws" in which farmers wanted to fix max freight rates and warehouse charge against grain elevators
• ==U.S. Supreme Court had then give the power of government to regulate private industries==

Wabash Case (1886)

• Background: Wabash Railroad was found guilty of violating an Illinois statute prohibiting unjust discrimination in rates charged by railroad companies.
• ==The Supreme Court had ruled to prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Limited States' rights==
• It also overturned its 1879 decision (Munn v. Illinois) allowing states to regulate railroads

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

• Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools
• Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.
• Also prohibited unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed the practice of charging more for short hauls than long hauls
• Problem: Legislation has no enforcement power and does not do much to stop abuses (enforced later during Progressive Era)

Farmers' Alliances

• Founded in TX in the late 1870s
• Group of farmer join together for the purpose of purchasing equipment and exhibiting political strength
• Agree with the need to: nationalize RR, abolish National banks, institute a graduated income tax, create a new federal subtreasury (want gov't owned warehouse to store crops….want to be able to take out loans against crops and repay later with profit)

Mary Lease

• Farmers' Alliance leader
• Became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made 160 memorable speeches on behalf of the common/downtrodden farmer about how KS should "raise less corn and more hell!"
• She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

Ignatius Donnelly

• Farmers' Alliance leader
• Known as red-haired "spell-binder", he was elected to Congress 3 times
• Also a leader of the Populist party in Minnesota and instrumental in founding the national Populist party
• Responsible for writing most of the Omaha platform in 1892

Populist Party

• Founded in 1891 by James B. Weaver and Tom Watson, aka the People's party or the Farmers' party
• Political group that gained much support from farmers who turned to them to fight political unfairness. They used a progressive platform.
• Called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers

Omaha Platform

• Populist delegates from different states met in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892 to draft a political platform and nominate candidates for president and vice president for the new party
• Determined to do something about the concentration of economic power by trusts and bankers

Free Silver

• Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency. Not adopted because all other countries used a gold standard.
• Supporters of free silver included democrats, owners of silver mines in the West, farmers who believed that an expanded currency would increase the price of their crops, and debtors who hoped it would enable them to pay their debts more easily.

Panic 1893

• Serious economic depression beginning in 1893 and lasted 4 years til 1897. It was the most devastating economic downturn of the century (1st panic of new urban/industrial era)
• Causes: overbuilding, over-speculation, labor disorders, current agricultural depression, free silver agitation
• Effects: Local charities try to help, government does little with laissez-faire philosophy, resulted in the 1894 Elections of Republicans gain control again due to Democrat reaction to panic, led to Coxey's Army and a wave of strikes including he Pullman Strike

Coxey's Army

• A protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey, for unemployment caused by Panic of 1893
• Marched to Washington to demand that Congress provide relief to the unemployed. Members of Coxey's Army wanted the federal government to use public works projects as a way to provide relief to the unemployed
• Result: Coxey and some of his followers were arrested for trying to speak from the Capitol steps and jailed for trespassing on the lawns of the Capitol

Cross of Gold

• William Jennings Bryan's famous speech delivered at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago that occurred in 1896
• Criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on this. Supported "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity.

William Jennings Bryan

• Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party
• Famous for his Cross of Gold speech support "free silver"