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Game Theory
A study of mathematical models of strategic interaction among rational decision-makers.
Deterrence
A strategy aimed at preventing an adversary from taking an undesirable action by instilling fear of consequences.
Credibility
The quality of being trusted and believed in, especially in the context of threats or promises.
Normal form games
A representation of games that summarizes the players, strategies, and payoffs in a matrix format.
Zero-sum game
A situation in which one participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of other participants.
Prisoners' Dilemma
A standard example in game theory illustrating why two individuals might not cooperate, even if it's in their best interest.
Extensive form games
A representation of games that specifies the order of play through a tree structure.
Decision nodes
Points in an extensive form game where a player makes a choice among available strategies.
Backwards induction
A method for solving extensive form games by analyzing the game from the end and determining optimal strategies.
Commitment device
A mechanism that helps a player commit to a strategy that may not align with their immediate preferences.
Dominant strategy
A strategy that is optimal for a player regardless of the strategies chosen by other players.
Nash equilibrium
A situation in a game where players are aware of the equilibrium strategy and have no incentive to deviate.
Korean War & Berlin Airlift
Significant events during the Cold War that exemplify tensions and strategic deterrence between the U.S. and USSR.
Security dilemma
A situation where one state's efforts to enhance its security cause insecurity in others.
Uncertainty
A lack of complete certainty regarding the consequences of actions in strategic interactions.
Human Security
A concept emphasizing the protection of individuals and communities, rather than focusing solely on state security.
Cold War
A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and United States, characterized by ideological conflict and proxy wars.
Anarchy
A state of disorder due to the absence or non-recognition of authority in international relations.
Power/Security
Concepts in international relations addressing the dynamics of state power and national security.
Hegemon
A dominant power that has significant influence over global affairs, often through economic or military superiority.
System Structure
The arrangement of power and influence in the international system, often categorized by polarity.
9-dash line
A demarcation line used by China to assert its claims in the South China Sea.
South China Sea
A strategic maritime region subject to territorial disputes involving several Southeast Asian nations and China.
Monroe Doctrine
A U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas, asserting that any intervention would be seen as a threat.
Manifest Destiny
The 19th-century doctrine that justified U.S. territorial expansion across North America.
Terrorism
The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in pursuit of political aims.
Lone wolf terrorism
Terrorism carried out by an individual acting independently rather than as part of a larger organization.
Kenneth Waltz
A prominent political scientist known for his theories on the original neorealism
Scott Sagan
A political scientist known for his work on nuclear proliferation and the social construction of identities.
Ethnic War
A conflict in which distinct ethnic groups fight for control over territory or political power.
Definitions of ethnic war
Various academic perspectives explaining the origins and nature of conflicts rooted in ethnic identities.
Socially constructed
The idea that perceptions or realities are developed through cultural and social practices.
Primordial
The view that ethnic identities are deeply rooted and based on ancient historical ties.
Instrumental
The perspective that ethnic identities are used strategically by individuals or leaders to achieve specific goals.
Transnational Organized Crime
Criminal activities that occur across national borders, involving networks that exploit globalization.
Counterinsurgency
Military or political actions taken to defeat an insurgency or resistance movement.
The Impossible Trilemma of Counterinsurgency
The difficulty of achieving security, legitimacy, and effectiveness simultaneously in counterinsurgency operations.
Rwanda Genocide
The 1994 mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by Hutu extremists.
Hutus
An ethnic group in Rwanda, primarily the perpetrators of the 1994 genocide.
Tutsis
An ethnic group in Rwanda, primarily the victims of the 1994 genocide.
bosnia, serbia, kosova, croatia
Regions involved in violent ethnic conflicts and wars during the 1990s following the breakup of Yugoslavia.
A Revolution in Warfare by Cohen
A book discussing the transformation of military conflicts and strategies in modern warfare.
Vladimir Putin
The President of Russia, known for his significant influence on global politics.
Rishi Sunak
The current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, known for his economic policies.
Volodymyr Zelenskyy
The President of Ukraine, recognized for his leadership during the ongoing conflict with Russia.
Benjamin Netenyahu
The Prime Minister of Israel, influential in Middle Eastern politics.
Lula
Former and current President of Brazil known for his social policies.
Xi Jinping
The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, overseeing China's foreign and domestic policies.
Donald Trump
The 45th President of the United States, known for his controversial policies and rhetoric.
Narendra Modi
The Prime Minister of India, noted for his economic reforms and nationalistic policies.
Emmanuel Macron
The President of France, involved in European Union leadership and reforms.
olaf Scholz
The Chancellor of Germany, a key player in European politics.
Force protection
Measures taken by military or security organizations to protect personnel, equipment, and facilities.
Boko Haram
A jihadist militant organization based in northeastern Nigeria, known for its violent insurgency.
Osama Bin Laden
The founder of al-Qaeda, known for orchestrating the September 11 attacks in the U.S.
Ethnic outbidding
A situation in which ethnic leaders attempt to maximize their appeal by emphasizing ethnic identity.
Scapegoating in IR
Attributing blame to a particular group or entity in international relations to divert attention from larger issues.
Slobodan Milosevic
The former President of Serbia and Yugoslavia, known for his role in the Balkan conflicts and war crimes.