Exam 3: Pathogenesis and Lesions of the Reproductive Tract of Small Animals

what is ovary agenesis

complete absence f the ovary and its associated primordium

what is ovary hypoplasia

• incomplete development or underdevelopment of the ovary with decreased number of cells

• with or without abnormal chromosomes

• follicles are usually absent

what are periovarian (paraovarian) cysts

external to the ovary, embryonic emnants of paramesonephric or mesinephric ducts

what are intraovarian cysts

within the ovary, derived from either Graafian follicles or from the epithelial surface or rete ovarii

what are causes of oophoritis

• rare

• bacterial origin in small animals is most common, FIP in cats

what is hydrosalpinx

• distension of the oviduct by fluid

• previous inflammation and scarring (salpingitis), trauma, ovarian hematoma, dilation of embryonic duct remnants or segmental aplasia

what is salpingitis

• inflammation of the oviduct

• ascending (bacterial), often bilateral

• accompanies endometritis, metritis, pyometra

• adhesions and progression to pyosalpinx

what is pyosalpinx

gathering of pus within the oviduct lumen

what is segmental aplasia of the uterus

• failure of Mullerian ducts linking with the urogenital sinus

• segment does not form

why is the uterus more susceptible to inflammation and infection during luteal phase and pregnancy

• presence of progesterone

• lack of estrogen to upregulate lymphocyte subsets and induce an open cervix

  • lack of prostaglandins (favors lack of uterine motility)

how are uterine infections when the cervix is open defined

ascending in estrus, parturition or post partum period

anatomy of what structures are critical to prevent uterine infections

cervix and vulva

what is pyometra

• acute to chronic suppurative inflammation of the uterus with pus accumulation within the lumen

• cystic endometrial hyperplasia frequently recedes pyometra in the dog

• exramedullary hematopoiesis

• excess of immune complexes causes immune complex glomerulonephritis in the dog

what predisposes the uterine to torsion

• pyometra or mucometra in the queen and bitch

  • at the junction beween the horn and the body

what are the consequences of non-inflammatory disorders

• venous collapse → vascular compromise → congestion, edema, infarction

• if pregnant, fetal death and mummification or putrefaction that can cause ascending infection

• weak uterine wall is susceptible to rupture

what is subinvolution of placental sites or SIPS

• unique to dogs

• persistence of placental attachment sites after parturition beyond the normal 12 weeks

what are the symptoms of SIPS

• excessive bloody vaginal discharge for weeks to months post-partum

• thickening of the uterine wall at regular intervals with fibrin and debris (placental attachment sites)

• persistent trophoblasts penetrate the uterine wall and can cause uterine perforation

• anemia due to chronic hemorrhage

• susceptible to bacterial endometritis/metritis and pyometra

what are endometrial polyps

• pedunculated masses composed of endometrial stroma and glands

• common in old dogs and cats

• can occur along with cystic endometrial hyperplasia

• can obstruct the lumen and induce mucometra

what is endometrial hyperplasia

• initially non-inflammatory and evolves to inflammatory

• caused by prolonged hyperestrogenism in farm animals, especially ewe

• sources of estrogen include cystic ovarian disease, granulosa cell tumor, estrogenic pastures, mycotoxins

what causes endometrial hyperplasia in carnivores

• excess progesterone

• initial priming of the uterus by estrogen followed by progesterone activity

• cystic endometrial hyperplasia common in diestrus

• simple endometrial hyperplasia → CEH → cystic hyperplastic endometritis → pyometra

what is hydrometra and mucometra

• accumulation of fluid or mucus in the uterine lumen

• associated with CEH or obstruction of the uterine lumen

what is the incience of serosal inclusion cysts of the uterus

• incidental

• aged pluriparous dogs

what are developmental anomalies of the vagina and cervix

• persistent hymen

• segmental aplasia

• double vagina/cervix

what are non-inflammatory disorders of the vagina

• cysts
  _Gartner ducts (Wolffian remnants)
  -vestibular glands of Bartolinus predisposed by hyperestrogenism or inflammation)

• vaginal polyps

what are inflammatory disorders of the vagina generally

• vaginitis

• vulvitis

• vulvo-vaginitis

• not common in small animals

what are developmental abnormalities of the testis

• cryptorchidism

• testicular hypoplasia

• testicular degeneration

what is cryptorchidism

• incomplete testicular descent

• testicular descent is complete by the time of birth for most species but may be up to 6 months of ag

• common in dogs

• often unilateral, can occur at any point along the path of descent

• genetic/inhibited factors

• small, superimposed atrophy and fibrosis , loss of sperm

• prone to become neoplastic- sertolic cell tumors and seminomas

what is testicular hypoplasia

• testicle does not develop to full size

• difficult to distinguish from atrophy, can eventually undergo superimposed atrophy

• genetic/inherited factors, nutritional, endocrine, unknown

• often unilateral

what are the consequences of testicular degeneration and atrophy

• common cause of infertinlity

• serminiferous epithelium is highly sensitive injury

what are causes of testicular degeneration and atrophy

• advancing age

• trauma, thermal and chemical agents

• hormonal and nutritional imbalances

• inflammation such as orchitis, epididymitis and scrotal dermatitis, infectious agents

• targets germ cells, sertoli cells, and non specific germ cell damage follows

• the more mature stages of spermatogenesis are preferentially affected

what are the gross lesions of testicular degeneration and atrophy

• acute testicle is soft, flabby and swollen

• chronic causes small and firm with calcified areas

• loss of spermatogonia and sperm cells, small tubules, fibrosis, mineralization

what are causes of orchitis

0 usually accompanied by epididymitis (extension)
-usually hematogenous (bacterial such as E. coli or B. canis)

• necrotizing the more severe form associated with B. canis

• Fibrnous orchitis associated ith FIP in cats

what is epididymitis

• dogs

• ascending except when hematogenous by B. cais

• usually tail

• inflammation can induce obstruction and subsequent spermatic granulomas

• secondary testicular degeneration and atrophy

• B. canis, E. coli, other gram (-)

what is the consequence of torsion to the spermatic cord

venous infarction

what is prostitis

• inflammation of the prostate common in the dog

• can occur concurrently with prostatic hyperplasia

• ascending bacteria such as E. coli, P. vulgaris, B. canis

• formation of abscesses

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia

• common in dogs via spontaneous development with age

• testosterone dependent and castration will resolve

• bilateral and often symmetrical enlargement

• can be cystic

• compresses the colon and urethra meaning the dog cant pizz or shid

what is prostatic squamous metaplasia

• the acinar structure is replaced with squamous epithelium

• induced by excess estrogens in dogs with sertoli cell tumors

what is hypospadia

abnormal formation and closure of the distal urethra on ventral side of the penis

what is epispadia

abnormal formation and closure of the distal urethra on the dorsal side

what is phimosis

unable to retract the prepuce over the penis because of a too small preputial opening

what is paraphimosis

inability to replace the prepuce over the penis due to swelling