Unit 10 Organic Chemistry 11

What is organic chem?

The chemistry of carbon compounds.

What are example of organic compounds?

-Most chemicals of biological importance or used as fuels

-plastics, drugs, pesticides, solvents, synthetic fibres, enzymes, and hormones.

How many bonds does carbon tend to form?

4, because it only has 2 electrons in orbtal 2p

What part of organic chemicals do carbon atoms tend to form?

The "backbone"

What bonds can carbon form with neighbouring atoms?

single, double or triple bonds

How are organic chemicals formed? What kind of bonds does this make?

with carbon bonding with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens.

- Hydrogen forms 1 bond (- H)

- Oxygen forms 2 bonds (- O - or = 0)

- Nitrogen forms 3 bonds

- Halogens form 1 bond (- F, - Cl, - Bi, - I)

What are the three ways organic compounds can be drawn?

- Structural

- Condensed structural

- Skeleton

What are hydrocarbons?

Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen

Prefix for one carbon

meth-

Prefix for two carbon

eth-

Prefix for three carbon

propa-

Prefix for four carbon

buta-

Prefix for five carbon

penta-

Prefix for six carbon

hexa-

Prefix for seven carbon

hepta-

Prefix for eight carbon

octa-

Prefix for nine carbon

nona-

Prefix for 10 carbon

deca-

Alkanes

Single bonded carbon atoms

what are alkanes also refered to as

saturated

eg. saturated fats

What is the structure for alkanes?

CnH(2n+2)

What is the suffix for alkanes?

-ane

What are Alkenes

double bonds

what are Alkenes also refered to as (and what if theres multiple double bonds)

Unsaturated (if more than one double bond → polyunsaturated)

What is the suffix for alkenes?

-ene (and remove the double vowel)

How do you name if the double bond can be put in more than one position?

You add a number at the start for the position that the double bond is in. Count in both directions and use the lowest number.

Isomers

compounds with the same formula but different structures.

What are the two types of isomers?

structural isomers and stereoisomers.

Structural isomers

made with identical atoms but these atoms are joined in a different order.

E.g. 1 - pentene vs. 2 - pentene

Stereoisomers

made with identical atoms joined in identical order, but the molecules have different 3D shapes.

geometric isomers

A type of stereoisomers, often found in alkenes. (double bonds)

How are geometric isomers distinguished and how is this shown?

By using the prefixes "cis" and "trans".

- Two similar groups on same side of the double bond are cis, on different sides are trans

What do you do if there are multiple double bonds in alkenes?

list each double bond in order, separated by commas, and add a prefix (di, tr, tetra, penta, etc) right before the "ene" to indicate the number of double bond present.

Eg. 1,3 - pentadiene

Alkynes, what are they and saturated or not?

One or more carbon-carbon triple bonds

Unsaturated (if more than one triple bond → polyunsaturated)

How do you name Alkynes?

Named as for the same number alkane but the "— yne" ending is substituted for the "- ane" ending.

What do you do if there are multiple double bonds in alkynes?

list each triple bond in order, separated by commas, and add a prefix (di, tri, tetra, penta, etc) right before the "yne" to indicate the number of triple bond present.

What are the 3 steps to drawing structures from their name?

1: Draw the number of carbon indicated by the name.

2: Add in the double bond(s) at the position indicated.

3: Add in H atoms so that each carbon has 4 bonds in total.