COMPLETE HEIMLER REVIEW VIDEOS

Confucianism

A philosophy emphasizing hierarchical relationships in society and filial piety, revived by the Song Dynasty rulers.

Filial piety

The practice of honoring one's ancestors and parents, a key aspect of Confucian teachings.

Neo-Confucianism

A blend of Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas, influencing the Song Dynasty's philosophical landscape.

Imperial bureaucracy

A system in the Song Dynasty where positions were awarded based on merit through civil service exams to ensure obedience.

Foot binding

A practice in the Song Dynasty where women's feet were bound, reflecting their subordinate position in society.

Mahayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism emphasizing compassion and devotion, available to all individuals.

Theravada Buddhism

The original form of Buddhism, restricted to monks and a select few individuals.

Four Noble Truths

Fundamental beliefs in Buddhism, including the nature of suffering and the path to its cessation.

Eightfold Path

Principles and practices in Buddhism that followers must adhere to, including moral conduct and meditation.

Widespread commercialization

The Song Dynasty's economic strategy of producing excess goods for the world market.

Iron and steel production

Contribution of large-scale manufacturers and artisans to produce iron and steel for various purposes.

Champa rice

A high-yield crop introduced in the Song Dynasty, leading to a population increase and agricultural growth.

Sea-based states

States like Srivijaya Empire and Majapahit Kingdom in Southeast Asia that derived power from controlling sea routes.

Land-based states

States like Sinhala Dynasties and Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia that derived power from their territories.

Mit'a System

Labor system in the Inca Empire requiring citizens to work on state projects for a set period each year.

Feudalism

A system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights where land is exchanged for loyalty, leading to independent land ownership and rule.

Manorialism

Peasants (serfs) bound to land and working in exchange for protection from the lord and his military forces, distinguishing them from slaves.

Pax Mongolica

A period of peace and stability under Mongol rule, characterized by the organization of the empire into khanates and the adoption of cultural norms of the ruled people.

Silk Roads

A network of roads facilitating trade and cultural diffusion across Eurasia, mainly exchanging luxury items like Chinese silk, with expansions due to innovations in commercial practices and transportation technologies.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

A sea route network connecting Afro-Eurasian states through trade, influenced by the collapse of the Mongol Empire, commercial practices, transportation technologies, and the spread of Islam.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

Trade routes connecting North Africa with West Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, facilitated by transportation technologies like camels and saddles, leading to the growth of empires like the Mali Empire.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of belief systems, literary and artistic transfers, and scientific and technological exchanges through trade networks, impacting the development of syncretic beliefs and the transfer of knowledge.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing Empires, characterized by their expansion through the adoption of gunpowder weapons, leading to significant territorial growth and military advancements.

Ming Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty established in the 14th century by the Han ethnic group, known for expanding borders using gunpowder and declining in the 1500s due to internal divisions.

Qing Dynasty

A dynasty established by the Manchu people after the decline of the Ming Dynasty, known for a 40-year campaign to claim former Ming territories like Taiwan and Mongolia.

Devshirme System

Ottoman system of enlisting high-trained individuals, often enslaved Christian boys, to staff their bureaucracy and create elite soldiers like the Janissaries.

Divine Right of Kings

A belief in Europe that kings ruled with the approval of Jesus, making opposition to the king equivalent to opposing God.

Caravel

A nimble and navigable ship developed by Portugal for exploration, equipped with cannons and used for trade and domination.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres following Columbus' contact between the two worlds.

Cash Crops

Crops grown for export on plantations in the Americas, often worked by coerced laborers, such as the growth of sugar cane in the Caribbean colonies.

Maritime Empires

Empires established through control of sea-based trade routes, like the Portuguese trading post empire and the Spanish colonies in the Philippines.

Mit'a System

A labor system used by the Spanish in their silver mining operations, where indigenous Americans were forced to provide labor in exchange for food and protection.

Encomienda System

A system used by the Spanish to force indigenous Americans to work for colonial authorities in exchange for food and protection, similar to feudalism.

Hacienda System

Large agricultural estates owned by elite Spaniards where laborers were forced to work the fields and crops were exported or sold.

Encomienda

System focusing on controlling the population, while the Hacienda system focused on the economics of food production.

Mercantilism

Economic system emphasizing the buildup of mineral wealth by maintaining a favorable balance of trade, where exports were valued more than imports.

Joint-Stock Companies

Limited liability businesses funded by a group of investors and chartered by the state to hold trade monopolies in regions.

Atlantic System

Movement of goods between the eastern and western hemispheres, with colonial plantations specializing in the growth of sugar cane.

Maroon Societies

Communities of free blacks formed by enslaved Africans who ran away from harsh conditions and joined free blacks.

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement applying rationalism and empiricism to understand the natural world and human relationships.

Deism

Belief that a God created everything and then left it to run its course, popular among Enlightenment thinkers.

Nationalism

Sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, and social customs, often linked with a desire for territory.

Popular Sovereignty

Concept that the power to govern resides in the hands of the people, a key idea during the Enlightenment and revolutions.

Democracy

The right of people to vote and influence government policies.

Liberalism

Emphasizes civil rights, representative government, protection of private property, and economic freedom.

American Revolution (1776)

The 13 colonies in America developed their culture and government, leading to a revolution against British control due to new taxes and curtailment of freedoms.

French Revolution (1789)

People rebelled against King Louis XVI, leading to the establishment of a republic and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Haitian Revolution (1791)

Enslaved Haitians revolted against French colonial rule, establishing the first black government in the Americas.

Creole Revolution

Latin American colonies won independence through wars inspired by enlightenment ideas, leading to the formation of republican governments.

Industrial Revolution

Transition from agrarian to industrial economies, changing political power balance and societal structures.

Propaganda Movement (Philippines)

Filipino students brought enlightenment ideas home, leading to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule.

Unification of Italy & Germany

Military leaders inspired people to unify under single governments through diplomacy and military tactics.

Steam Engine

Machine converting fossil fuel into mechanical energy, revolutionizing industrial production and transportation.

Bessemer Process

Made iron stronger and cheaper, leading to its widespread use in building bridges, railroads, and ships.

Transnational Corporations

Companies operating in multiple countries, establishing large operations globally.

Limited Liability

Business organization protecting owners' financial investments, allowing for investment in corporate ventures with limited financial risk.

Social Reform

Working class people organized into social societies providing insurance for sickness and social events.

Educational Reform 1870-1914

European governments passed compulsory education laws to prepare children for technical jobs.

Urban Reforms

Governments invested in sanitation infrastructure like sewers to combat urban population growth issues.

Labor Union

Collective of workers joining to protect their interests, advocating for higher wages and improved conditions.

Marxism

Karl Marx's ideology on class struggle, predicting a violent revolution leading to a classless society.

Self-strengthening Movement

Chinese reforms towards industrialization hindered by conservative resistance.

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman reforms including western-style law codes and education systems.

Industrial Working Class

Rural workers moving to cities for unskilled jobs during industrialization.

Middle Class

Benefited from industrialization, including white-collar workers and industrialists.

Indigenous Responses

Resistance to imperialism due to nationalism and questioning of political authority.

Economic Imperialism

The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means.

Commodity Trade

The trade of goods that can be bought and sold on the market, such as cotton and palm oil.

Causes of Migration

Factors like demographic changes, famine, and technological advancements that lead people to move.

Effects of Migration

Consequences like gender imbalances, ethnic enclaves, and nativism resulting from migration.

Nativism

A policy favoring native-born individuals over immigrants, often rooted in ethnic or racial prejudice.

Ottoman Reforms

Changes like secularization, political elections, and the imposition of the Turkic language in the Ottoman Empire.

Causes of WWI

Factors like militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Total War

A war involving the mobilization of a country's entire population, both military and civilian, to fight.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended WWI, punished Germany, and contributed to economic crises leading to WWII.

Soviet Union Economic Policies

Lenin's New Economic Policy and Stalin's Five Year Plan and collectivization of agriculture.

Mandate System

Middle Eastern territories administered by the League of Nations after WWI, classified into Class A, B, and C mandates based on population and development levels.

Self-determination

Principle advocated by Woodrow Wilson during peace negotiations, stating that states should have the right to govern themselves.

Three-tiered structure

Classification system for territorial holdings under the Mandate System, including Class A (suitable for independence), Class B (larger populations, underdeveloped), and Class C (smallest population, least developed).

Colonial Resistance

Movements like the Indian National Congress and African National Congress against colonial powers for self-rule and equal rights.

Japan's Expansion

Japan's quest for power through the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, violating League of Nations rules and leading to anti-imperial resistance.

Fascism

Political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and materialistic means to achieve goals, exemplified by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany.

Blitzkrieg

Military strategy used by Germany in WWII involving quick infantry movements and air assaults for rapid enemy elimination.

Atomic Bomb

Developed by the US during WWII, a weapon that could destroy entire cities and was used on Japan, leading to their surrender and the end of the war in the Pacific.

Cold War

State of hostility between the US and Soviet Union characterized by ideological struggle, economic rivalry, and arms race, shaping global politics post-WWII.

Iron Curtain

Metaphor describing the political split between Eastern and Western Europe, symbolizing the divide between capitalist and communist ideologies during the Cold War.

Berlin Blockade

Soviet blockade in Western Allied Berlin zones to prevent supplies

Berlin Airlift

Allies flew supplies into Berlin zones during the blockade

Federal Republic of Germany

Western Germany after Germany split post-blockade

German Democratic Republic

Eastern Germany after Germany split post-blockade

Berlin Wall

Wall by German Democratic Republic to prevent population escape

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Western nations' mutual support treaty

Warsaw Pact

Communist bloc alliance led by Moscow

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Formed to stop communism in Southeast Asia

Central Treaty Organization

Anti-Soviet treaty organization in the Middle East

Proxy Wars

Wars during the Cold War involving smaller countries

Korean War

Conflict between North and South Korea with UN involvement

Vietnam War

Conflict between North and South Vietnam with US involvement

Cuban Revolution

Communist revolution in Cuba aligning with the Soviet Union

Bay of Pigs

Failed Cuban exile invasion aided by the US