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green stick fx
incomplete fx with angular deformity
mostly seen in children
transverse fx
fx that is perpendicular to the shaft of the bone
comminuted fx
fx in which there are more than 2 fx fragments
compression fx
type of impaction fx that occurs in the vertebrae
results in depression of end plates
pathologic fx
fx through bone weakened by tumor, metabolic bone disease, or osteoporosis
intra-articular fx
fx line crosses the articular cartilage and enters the joint
segmental fx
type of comminuted fx in which a completely separate segment of bone is bordered by fx lines
avulsion fx
fx in which bone fragment is pulled away from its main body by tendon or ligament that is attached to it
oblique fx
angulated fx line
spiral fx
multiplanor and complex fx line
stress (fatigue) fx
fx in normal bone that has been subjected to repeated or cyclical loads that in and of themselves are not sufficient to cause a fx
stress (insufficiency) fx
fx in weakened bone that has been subjected to a load insufficient to fx normal bones
nondisplaced fx
fx in which fragments are in anatomic alignment
displaced fx
fx in which fragments are no longer in their usual alignments
angulated fx
fx in which fragments are malaligned
distracted fx
fx in which distal fragment is separated from the prox fragment by a gap
bayonetted fx
fx in which distal fragment longitudinally overlap the prox fragment
sprain etiology
injury to ligament (fibrous tissue connecting 2 bones providing joint stability)
ex. foot, ankle, knee, elbow, wrist, fingers
strain etiology
trauma to muscle or musculotendinous unit
eccentric contractions at musculotendinous junction of muscles with a lot of fast-twitch fibers spanning 2 joints
ex. gastrocnemius, hamstring, quadriceps
sprain mechanism
stretching ligaments beyond normal limits
usually result of traumatic event
strain mechanism
common in sports that requiring running, jumping, or kicking
aging = dec collagen elasticity = muscle-tendon unit susceptible for injury
sprain and strain s/s
popping, snapping, or tearing sensation followed by pain, swelling, stiffness, and difficulty bearing weight
bleeding and ecchymosis 24-48 hours after injury
strain s/s
immediate pain following traumatic injury and delays functional return for several days
sprain s/s
delayed onset of muscle soreness occurring several hours after vigorous exercise and improves with sx care in several days
sprain exam
examine for joint stability
may require specific clinical maneuvers to determine instability
strain exam
gently attempt to stretch injured muscle while palpating for defect
palpate to distinguish between partial and complete rupture
complete rupture = inability to actively contract muscle to move a joint
limited function due to pain
classification of sprains
based on deg of injury to ligament and fibers
grade I-III
grade I sprain
partial tear but no instability or opening of joint on stress maneuvers
tx = sx tx only
grade II sprain
partial tear with some laxity indicated by partial opening of joint on stress maneuver
tx = protected motion of injured part; full healing expected
grade III sprain
complete tear with laxity of joint on stress maneuver
tx = protected motion or possibly repair
Ottawa ankle rules - ankle sprain
pain at medial malleolus or along distal 6cm of posterior/medial tibia
pain at lateral malleolus or along distal 6cm of posterior fibula
inability to bear weight immediately for 4 consecutive steps
Ottawa ankle rules - foot sprain
pain in midfoot at base of 5th metatarsal
pain in midfoot at navicular bone
inability to bear weight immediately for 4 consecutive steps
sprain and strain diagnostic imaging
x-ray and MRI
classification of strain
based on amount of musculotendinous fibers torn
grade I-IV
grade I strain
tear of a few fibers (<10%) with fascia intact
grade II strain
tear of moderate amount of muscle fibers (10-50%) with fascia intact
grade III strain
tear of most or all muscle fibers (50-100%) with fascia intact
grade IV strain
tear of all muscle fibers (100%) and disrupted fascia
rupture
adverse outcomes of strains and sprains
joint instability
accelerated degenerative changes in involved joint
muscle atrophy, weakness, loss of ROM, and disability
complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
compartment syndrome
myositis ossificans - ossification in muscle
referral criteria of sprains and strains
referral to sports med ortho surgeon for further eval of grade IV strains, grade III sprains, or severe grade II sprains or strains
chronic joint laxity may need surgical repair
referral to pain specialist if sx disportionate to injury —> can be at risk for CRPS