People On The Test

Franz Gall

• Founder of Phrenology

• Thinks personality is linked to different areas of the brain like bumps on the skull could reveal personality traits

Gordon Allport

• Listed 18,000 personality traits combos

• Genetic nature of personality theory

Paul Costa and Robert McCrea

The big 5 personality dimensions

Raymond Cattle

• 35 dominant or recessive trait patterns of personality classes into 16 factors

• Created basis of modern personality test through statistical factor analysis

Hans Eysneck

• Domain scale 1: Introversion vs. Extroversion

• Domain scale 2: Emotional Stability vs. Neuroticism

Sigmund Freud

• Father of modern psychology

• Founder of psychoanalysis

• Id, ego, superego

4 Neo Freudians

• Carl Jung

• Alfred Alder

• Karen Horney

• Erik Erickson

Carl Jung

• Personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts + Archetypal relationships

• Psyche is composed of collective and personal unconscious

• Collective unconscious: Shared human experiences and symbols (Archetypes) found in myths, art, and religion

• Personal unconscious: Shaped by individual experiences

Alfred Alder

• Personality is influenced by unconscious conflicts + Inferiority complexes

• Inferiority complex: Trying to hard to feel worthy

Karen Horney

• Personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts + Socio cultural factors

• Saw neurosis as a reaction to social pressures

• Challenged Freud

Erik Erickson

• Personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts + Interpersonal and social relationships

• Personality develops according to 8 psychological stages

Abraham Maslow

• Human nature is to strive for self actualization

• Personality is shaped by how one responds to adversity and hardships

• Achieving self: Actualization is hard and has obstacles as well as defeat

Carl Rogers

• Founder of humanistic therapy

• Personality develops through conscious evaluation and self reflection

• Self concept: How a person consciously views their traits, goals, and accomplishments

• Self esteem: Satisfaction with one’s self concept

Julian Rotter

• Personality is shaped by perceived control over life events

• Discovered the locus of control: Belief about what controls one’s fate

• External locus: Life is controlled by luck, fate, or outside forces

• Internal locus: Life is controlled by personal choices and actions

• Self efficacy: Belief in one’s ability to succeed

• Studies show that people with an internal locus tend to be more optimistic, motivated, and successful

Martin Seligman

• Founder of positive psychology

• Focuses on strengths and well being

• Learned helplessness: Feeling powerless after repeated failures, leading to a self defeating mindset.

• Learned optimism: Therapy technique to reprogram negative thinking into positive, goal oriented thinking