Bio100 exam 1 sdsu kacsinta

property of life

order, energy and matter process, reproduction, growth and development, response to environment, evolutionary adaptations

are viruses alive?

no,

biology is

the scientific study of life

Biological Organization

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Scientific Method

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Results, Conclusion, and Retest (if needed)

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

good hypothesis must have

testable, falsifiable, lead to predictions that can be tested

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

fact

A statement that can be proved.

Bar graphs are used for

comparisons of categorical data

Line graphs are used for

continuous data

pie charts are used for

comparing parts of a whole - percentages

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

observational study

a study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed

epidemiological study

The study of health-related events in a population

placebo

a fake drug used in the testing of medication

double-blind placebo control study

a study that uses a treatment group and a placebo group and in which neither the research staff nor the participants know who is in which group

Pseudoscience

A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.

primary source

an account of an event created by someone who took part in or witnessed the event

secondary source

a document or written work created after an event

Biogensis

theory that living things come only from other living things

Was RNA or DNA first?

RNA

Archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls, lives in extreme conditions

prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain nuclei, not membrane bound

Methogens

produce methane in oxygen free environments

halophiles

salt lovers

Thermophiles

heat loving microbes

Bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

Pathogens

disease causing agents

Colonies

collection of the same species, usually not prokaryotes or protists, living in close contact

Fungi

eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by using spores and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Decomposers

Break down organic matter

Algae vs. Plants

algaeis submerged in water and gets everything from the water. plants gets nutrients from roots and soil, needs roots to stay in place and uses photosynthesis through the leaves.

Plants

an eukaryotic organism that does photosynthesis, is multi-cellular and has cell walls

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus

Animals

Domain: Eukaryotes

Kingdom: Animalia

Cell Type: Eukaryotes

Cell Structures: NO Cell walls and NO CHLOROPLASTS

Number of Cells: Multicellular

Mode of Nutrition: Heterotroph

Example: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Hereotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things.

animal kingdom is divided by

phyla

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Atoms

smallest unit of matter

Molecules

two or more atoms joined together

reactants of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6O2)

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

trace elements

required by an organism in only minute quantities

hydrogen bonding

Bonds between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of another water molecule

water molecules in ice are

held far apart

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Cohesion

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

Acids

compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Buffers

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Environmentalism

a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world

Organism

An individual living thing

Population

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

Communtiy

a group of interacting populations of different species

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

Producers

make their own food

Consumers

Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.

energy flow

the passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem

chemical cycling

the use and reuse of chemical elements such as carbon within an ecosystem

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

biotic factors

living things

carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

global water cycle

The flow of water- by, among other processes, evaporation and precipitation- among all the ecosystems of Earth

ecological footprint

A measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land

us average ecological footprint is

8.2

reasons for bad environment

forest destruction, freshwater depletion, endangered species

greenhouse gases

Gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat near the surface

Bioremediation

The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

the green house gases are

methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide

CO2 in the atmosphere

everything makes CO2 but woods and burning fossil fuels make it worse

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

kinetic energy

energy of motion

potnetial energy

stored energy

chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

heat

amount of kinetic energy contained in movement of the atoms and molecules in a body matter

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness.

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

photosynthesis through chloroplasts

chloroplasts use light energy to rearrange the atoms of H2O and CO2, producing sugars and other organic molecules. The by-products of photosynthesis are oxygen gas O2 and heat, which are released into the environment.

celluar respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Mitochondria

break the chemical bonds in sugar, releasing energy that can be used to produce many copies of a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Stomata

the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

light reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

electron shuttles

NADPH + ATP

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars (G3P)

Photosystem

cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

competition

A negative interaction between two organisms

Mutalism

both species benefit

Predation

positive for one, negative for other