Final exam review English

Rhetoric

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

“The Benefits of Contact Sports” Vs. “CTE: The Hidden Risks of Playing Contact Sports”

Ethos (ethics)

persuasion through the speaker’s or writer’s education, experience, trustworthy, likability and motivation

·  Michael Jordan, Alicia Keys, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Abraham Lincoln

Pathos (sympathy/empathy)

 persuasion through emotional appeal

·  animal shelter commercials, St. Jude’s Hospital

Logos (Logic)

persuasion through logic argument

·  reasoning, facts, statistics, expert opinion, research/studies

Rhetorical Question

a question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer.

·  Do you want to be successful?

Parallelism

using similar words, clauses, phrases, sentence structure, or other grammatical elements to emphasize similar ideas in a sentence.

·  Cousins by chance; friends by choice   no pain, no gain Where there is smoke, there is fire * when the going gets tough, the tough get going

Propaganda

presenting one sided information to promote an opinion and

Restatement

an act of stating the same idea in different words

Studying is important to success now and in the future.   *Education is the key having a multitude of opportunities and career choices.

Loaded Language/Emotive Language/ Emotional Appeal

is using strong, emotionally charged  language; words with positive and negative associations to those words that draws attention to the point

• Suffering, deadly, survival, indispensable

Denotation

the dictionary meaning of a word

·  Finance

 Connotation

 the positive or negative charge that a word may have

·  clever (+)  vs. devious (-) ; brave (+)  vs. reckless (-)

 Context Clues

hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.

Author’s purpose

the author’s reason for writing

·  P = Persuade

·  I = Inform

·  E = Entertain

MLA Format

size 12 font, Times New Roman, Double-spaced, heading, header, citations and Works Cited page with a one inch margin around the paper, except for the header, which is a half inch front the top of the page

Parenthetical Citation

is the in-text citation, which follows a quote in the text/paragraph to give credit to the source, including the author’s last name and the page number

·  “I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you” (Steinbeck 15).

MLA Heading

your name, the teacher’s name, the class, & the date

John Smith

Ms. Ryan

English I

8 June 2023

Header

 is your last name a half inch down from the top of the page in the right corner with a sequential number for each page·                                                                                                                 Smith 1

Titles

titles of small writings (articles, short stories, poems, songs, speeches) are identified with “quotation marks” & titles of long writings (books, plays, newspapers) are underlined. Both small writings and longs writings can be italics.

·      Romeo and Juliet or Romeo and Juliet (play); “The Road Not Taken” or The Road Not Taken (poem)

Speaker

the character or narrator of the poem

·  The narrator of the poem, “The Road Not Taken,” was a person with a substantial amount of life experience.

Stanza

a group of lines that are surrounded by extra spaces in a poem

·  The poem, “The Road Not Taken,” contains four stanzas.

Rhyme Scheme

is the pattern of rhyme in a poem as identified by lowercase letters

·  The poem, “The Road Not Taken,” has a rhyme scheme of a, b, a, a, b in the first stanza.

External Rhyme

is when words at the end of a line of a poetry rhyme

·  Wood, stood, could

Internal Rhyme

 is when words within a line of a poetry rhyme

·  Somewhere ages and ages hence

Exact Rhyme

is when the vowel sounds and ending sounds match

·  Cat, hat, mat, fat, pat, sat, rat

Slant Rhyme

 is a half rhyme or an approximate rhyme

·  Cat & kite – the “K” sound and the “T” sound match

Imagery

creating an image with sensory descriptions

a.  Tactile Imagery – imagery that describes how something feels

b. Olfactory Imagery - imagery that describes how something smells

c.  Gustatory Imagery - imagery that describes how something tastes

Hyperbole

exaggeration

o   These books weigh a ton!

Personification

giving human qualities to an object or an animal

o   That time can’t be right; that clock is lying to me.

Metaphor

a comparison between two different things

o   My father is rock solid.

Extended Metaphor

a comparison between two different things that continues over multiple lines or sentences

o   Life paths are compared to roads in “The Road Not Taken” throughout the four stanzas.

Simile

a comparison between two different things, containing the words “like” or “as”

o   She is as pretty as a flower.

Dialect

is a regional way of speaking

o   ‘em = them y’all = you all   or “I done tol’ ya”

Onomatopoeia

words that sound like a sound

o   Click, ding, boom, tick, buzz, hiss, etc.

Foreshadowing

hints or clues as to what happens next

o   Eerie music in a horror movie

 

Flashback

when a character remembers an event from an earlier time

o   “ I remember two years ago…”

Dramatic Irony

when one or two characters and audience know something that the other characters do not

o   Romeo is listening to Juliet talk out loud about her feelings for him. The audience and Romeo know that he is there in the garden, but Juliet has no idea.

Verbal Irony

the speaker intends to be understood as meaning the opposite of the usual meaning of what the speaker’s actual words 

• Verbal irony would be if the speaker says, “That’s just perfect!” when this person was planning to ride a bike, and its raining

 Situational irony

when the outcome is the opposite or completely different from what was expected. 

• Situational irony involves the result of a situation not matching with your expectations, such as a baker being allergic to flour.

Characterization

learning information about a character through their thoughts, words, actions, how they treat others and how they are treated

 Mood

the feeling created/evoked in the reader by a text

o   Hopeful/inspired/optimistic or sadden/melancholy or frustrated or conflicted, etc.

Tone

the author’s attitude toward the subject

Point of view

the view in which the story is told

a. 1^St person (“I” and “we” are used- first-hand experience)

b. 2^nd person (“you” is used or implied – a speech or directions in a “How to” article)

c. 3^rd person limited (“he,” “she” and “they” are used- the story gives the information about how one character views the events through his or her thoughts and feelings)

d. 3^rd person omniscient (“he,” “she” and “they” are used- the story gives the information about how multiple characters view the events through their thoughts and feelings- all seeing all knowing narrator)

Setting

information about when and where the story takes place

Conflict

the struggle between two opposing forces

a. Character vs. Character – external conflict involving two characters disagreeing, competing or fighting

b.  Character vs. vs. society – external conflict involving a character disagreeing with a law or an accepted custom or something that they want to change, etc,

c.  Character vs. vs. nature – external conflict involving a character a natural event or a national emergency, etc

d.  Character vs. self – internal conflict involving a character making an important

Theme

 the lesson the author wants the reader to learn

o   Hard work makes many things possible.

Setting

 the place or type of surroundings where a story is or an event takes place and the time period in which the story takes place

Rising action

a series of incidents in a literary plot that build toward the climax

Climax

 the most exciting part of the story, and many times when the character makes an important decision

Resolution

the solution to the conflict