Phase 1 Metabolites and Phase 2 Conjugations

Aromatic Hydroxylation
Likely with EDG
Possible with EWG

Alkene Epoxidation
Likely

Alkene Reduction
Possible

Benzylic Oxidation
Likely

Allylic Hydroxylation
Likely

Oxidation @ carbonyls/Imines
Likely

Omega Oxidation
Possible

N-Dealkylation
Likely

Lactam Formation
Likely

Deamination
Likely

O-Dealkylation
Likely

S-Dealkylation
Likely

Thiols to Sulfides
Likely
Reverse is Possible

S-Oxidation
Likely

Aldehyde Oxidation
Likely

Dehydrohalogenation
Likely

Ketone Reduction
Likely

Aromatic Nitro Reduction

POSSIBLE

Aromatic Azo Reduction

POSSIBLE

Nitrile reaction
Possible

Amide Hydrolysis

Likely if no ester also present

Possible if ester is present

Ester Hydrolysis
Likely

N-Oxidation
Possible

Desulfuration
Possible

Glucuronic acid conjugation
Likely with: Alcohols, phenols, enols, hydroxylamines,
amines, aryl acids, alkyl acids, and thiols

Cofactor is UDPGA
Enzyme is UDP-Glucuronyl transferase

Sulfate Conjugation
Likely with Phenols and Alcohols
Possible with aromatic amines

Cofactor: PAPS
Enzyme: Sulfotransferase

Glycine/glutamine conjugation
Likely with aromatic acids mostly, will also do normal acids

Cofactor: ATP and CoASH
Enzyme: Glycine/glutamine N-acetyl transferase

Glutathione conjugation

Possible due to low amounts of GSH with Halgoens and other reactive centers

Enzyme: Glutathione S-transferase
Cofactor: GSH

Acetylation
Likely with aromatic amines
Possible with Alkyl amines

Cofactor: N-acetyl transferase
Enzyme: Acetyl CoA

Methylation Possible for alkyl amines/alcohols, phenols, thiols, heterocyclic nitrogens

Cofactor: SAM
Enzyme: COMT