CH 5: States of Conciousness

“I fully believed I was dead” Francis Wilson was a healthy, active 29-year-old law student when he contracted ______-19.

Leaving the hospital, he set out to learn all he could about what happened to him, a young man with vague memories of 9 horrific days when being unconscious was a terrifying but vital tool to save his life.

COVID-19

in 1890, a psychology pioneer William ____ described the mind as a _____ of _____________, a continuous flow of changing sensations, _____, thoughts, and ____.

The ______ of our awareness changes from ______ to moment.

________ moves rapidly in and out of _________.

James, Stream, consciousness, images, feelings

context, moment

information, consciousness

_________ describes the process by which we think about thinking.

metacognition

we define __________ in terms of its 2 parts: ______ and _______

____________ is an ________ ______ of external events and internal sensations under a condition of ________.

__________ includes awareness of the self and thoughts about one’s experiences.

Consider that on an Autumn afternoon, when you see a beautiful tree vibrant with color, you do not simply see the colors; you are ____ that you are seeing them.

consciousness, awareness, arousal

consciousness, individuals, awareness, arousal

awareness

aware

It appears that the subjective feeling of awareness occurs in a _____ _____ ________ that involves various brain areas working in ______.

The locations include the front-most part of the brain-the ______ cortex-as well as the _____ cingulate (an area associated with acts of will) and association areas.

This wide-reaching brain workspace is an assembly of neurons that is thought to work in cooperation to produce the _______ sense of _________.

global brain workspace, parallel

prefrontal, anterior

subjective, consciousness

_______ _______system : A network of structures including the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus that are involved in the experience of arousal and engagement with the environment.

reticular activating

_______ of ____: Individuals’ understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences.

theory of mind

______-level of consciousness called _______ process and ______ function

in _______ ________, the most alert states of human _________, individuals actively focus their efforts toward a _____. This involves the _________ cortex

For example, watch a classmate struggle to master the unfamiliar buttons on a new smartphone, who during this time is unaware of the sound of your humming or the intriguing shadow on the wall.

_______ ________: Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving.

higher, controlled, executive

controlled process, consciousness, goal, prefrontal

executive function

Beneath the level of controlled processes are _____-levels of conscious awareness, including ______ processes and ________

_______ processes are states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

________ lies between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep.

lower

automatic, daydreaming

automatic

daydreaming

_______ states of _______ are mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness

_______ states of ______ can range from losing one’s sense of self-consciousness to __________.

such states can be produced by _____, fever, fatigue, _______ deprivation, meditation, hypnosis, and psychological _____.

____ can also induce ____ states of ________

altered, consciousness

altered, consciousness, hallucinating

trauma, sensory, disorders

drugs, altered, consciousness

__________ awareness contains:

1) _____ ___________ awareness: when we are awake, processes are going on just ____ the surface of our awareness

• _______: refers to ________ processing that leads to a solution after a break from conscious thought about the problem.

• _________ information processing also can occur simultaneously in a distributed manner along many _____ processing

2) _________ awareness during sleep and dreams: sleep and dreams are the ___ levels of _______.

3) the term ______ generally applies to someone who has been knocked out by a blow, anesthetized, or who has fallen into a deep, prolonged unconscious state.

4) _______ Freud used the term _____ in a different way. ________ thought, said Freud is a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness.

subconscious

1) waking subconscious, below,

• incubation, subconscious

• subconscious, parallel

2) subconscious, low, consciousness

3) unconscious

4) Sigmund, unconscious, Unconscious

We define _____ as a ______ state of rest for the body and mind that involves the _____ loss of consciousness.

Surely, ____ must be important, because it comprises a __ of our life, taking up more time than anything else we do.

sleep, natural, reversible

sleep, third

_______ ______ are periodic physiological ____________ in the body.

These _____ are controlled by ________ clocks, which include ____ and ______ cycles

Humans are unaware of most rhythms, such as the ___ and ___ of hormones and _________ and _______ cycles of brain activity, but they can influence our _______.

the -hour cycles like the ____/_____ cycle and _______ changes in the human body are types of _____rhythms

biological rhythms, fluctuations

rhythms, biological, annual, seasonal

rise, fall, accelerated, decelerated, behavior

24, sleep/wake, temperature, biological

_________ rhythms are daily behavioral and physiological cycles.

Daily _______ rhythms involve ____/____ cycle, body ______, blood ______, and blood-____ level.

The body monitors the change from day to night by means of the suprachiasmatic ______ (SCN), a small brain structure that uses input from the _____ to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

The ___ sends information to the _________ and ____ gland to regulate daily rhythms such as ________, ____, and the release of hormones such as ______.

The SCN also communicates with the _______ formation to regulate daily rhythms of sleep and wakefulness

Although a number of biological clocks seem to be involved in regulating circadian rhythms, the ___ is critical

The ___ is guided by the information it receives from the ______ to tell us it is time to go to sleep

Many people who are totally _____ experience _____ problems because their retinas cannot detect _____. They may have a condition called ___–__-hour sleep/wake disorder, because their circadian rhythm often does not follow a 24-hour cycle

circadian

circadian, sleep/wake, temperature, pressure, sugar

nucleus, retina

SCN, hypothalamus, pineal, temperature, hunger, melatonin

reticular

SCN

SCN, retina

blind, sleep, light, non-24-hour

Biological clocks can become __________ by __ ___ or work shift problems

To reset the biological clock: _____, a hormone that increases at night, can help reduce __ ___ by advancing the circadian clock. If you work at night, sleep in a dark room and work under bright lights

desynchronized, jet lag

melatonin, jet lag

A variety of theories have been proposed for the need for sleep:

1) first, from an evolutionary perspective, sleep may have developed because animals needed to _____ themselves at night. The idea is that it makes sense for animals to be inactive when it is dark, because nocturnal inactivity helps them to avoid both becoming other animals’ ___ and ______ themselves due to poor _____.

2) A second possibility is that sleep is a way to ______ energy. Spending a large chunk of any day sleeping allows animals to _____ their calories, especially when food is scarce. For some animals, the search for food and water is easier and safer when the sun is up. When it is dark, it is adaptive for these animals to save their energy. Animals that are likely to ____ as someone else’s food sleep the _____.

3) A third explanation for the need for sleep is that sleep is _______. Sleep _____, replenishes, and _______ the brain and body, which the day’s waking activities can wear out.

4) A final explanation for the need for sleep centers on the role of sleep in brain _______. Sleep has been recognized as playing an important role in the ways that experiences influence the brain, especially in how sleep affects _____ connections and consolidating _______.

1) protect, prey, injuring, visibility

2) conserve, conserve, energy, serve, least

3) restorative, restores, rebuilds

4) plasticity, synaptic, memories

the effects of chromic sleep deprevation:

Sleep _____ lowers the complexity of processing in the brain because it ________ brain activity in the _____ and the ______ cortex

people who get insufficient sleep have trouble paying _____ to tasks and solving ______.

the profound effect of sleep deprivation is vividly clear in a very rare disorder known as ____ familial _____ (FEI). This disorder, caused by a genetic _____, involves a progressive ability to sleep.

deprivation, decreases, thalamus, prefrontal

attention, problems

fatal, insomnia, mutation

Stages of sleep correspond to massive electrophysiological changes that occur throughout the brain as the fast, irregular, and low-amplitude electrical activity of wakefulness is replaced by the slow, regular, high-amplitude waves of deep sleep.

Using the electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor the brain’s electrical activity, as well as electromyography (EMG) to monitor the action of motor neurons, scientists have identified four stages of sleep.

These stages are defined by both the brain’s activity and muscle tone. The stages are named by letters and numbers that represent what is going on at that stage, including whether the person is awake or asleep and experiencing rapid eye movement (REM). These stages can be hard to remember, so be sure to review Figure 4.

Stage W: The “W” stands for “wake”. During this stage, when a person is awake, EEG patterns exhibit 2 types of waves: ____ and ____. ____ waves reflect concentration and alertness.

• _____ waves (W- alert)

  • high frequency

  • low amplitude

  • desynchronous

• ______ waves (W-relax)

  • lower frequency

  • increase in amplitude

  • more syhchronous

beta, alpha, beta

beta

alpha

stage N1 (non-rem1):

• drowsy sleep

• may experience sudden muscle movements or ______ jerks

• characterized by _____ waves, which are even ____ in ______ and low ______( but greater than alpha)

myoclonic

theta, slower, frequency, amplitude

stage N2 (non-rem2) sleep:

• muscle activity decreases

• theta waves continue

• sleep ______: sudden increase in wave _______

spindles, frequency

stage N3 (non-rem3) sleep:

• characterized by _____ waves, the slowest and highest ________

• _____ sleep is the deepest sleep

• ____ sleep is also called ____-____ sleep

• this is the stage when ______,_______, and sleep talking occur.

delta, amplitude

delta

delta, slow-wave

bedwetting, sleepwalking

stage R (rem ) sleep:

• enter REM (rapid eye movements)

• EEG pattern for rem sleep shows ____ waves similar to those of relaxed wakefulness

• dreaming

fast

typically __ cycles occur during the night

__-__ minutes per cycle

REM stages get longer during the night

__%- stages N1 and N2 sleep

__%- stage N3 sleep

__%- REM sleep

7

90-100

60

20

20

______ formation plays a crucial role in ____ and _____.

damage to the _____ formation can result in ____ and _____.

3 important neurotransmitters involved in sleep are ______,________, and acetylcholine.

REM sleep is ______ by a rise in __________

REM sleep ends when there is a rise in _________ and _________

reticular, sleep, arousal

reticular, coma, death

serotonin, norepinephrine

initiated, acetylcholine

serotonin, norepinephrine

____ may benefit physical ______ and brain ________ in infants and children. For example, _____ sleep coincides with the release of _____ hormones in children. Children are more likely to sleep well when they avoid ____, experience a regular bedtime routine, go to bed and wake up at consistent ____, and do not have electronic _____in their bedrooms

With ___, sleep patterns ____, and many adolescents stay up later at night and sleep longer in the morning than they did when they were younger. These shifting sleep patterns may influence their _________ well-being and academic ________. Left to their own devices, adolescents will sleep over hours a night. This need for sleep may be linked to the important brain _______ that occurs during adolescence

Many adolescents get quite a bit less than 9 hours of sleep a night, especially during the week. This shortfall creates a sleep debt that adolescents often attempt to make up on the weekend. Having one’s weekday and weekend sleep schedules drastically at odds is sometimes referred to as ____ ___ ___. _______ ___ ___ means that even without traveling, a person’s sleep clock can be __________. Social jet among adolescents is associated with _____ academic performance, _________ consumption of sugary snacks, and _____ gain

sleep, growth, development, deep, growth, caffeine, times, devices

age, change, psychological, academic, 9, development

social jet lag, social jet lag, desynchronized, poorer, increased, weight

____ plays a role in many diseases and disorders. ______ inability to sleep through the night is associated with physical and psychological problems, including ____, coronary heart disease, ______ liver disease, _____, pneumonia, anxiety, and ________

Neurons that control sleep interact closely with the immune system. The chemical _________ are released when fighting an infection which also induces sleep. Sleep is a way to conserve resources/energy needed to overcome a infection

____ is clearly a vital aspect of psychological and physical functioning. ____ plays an important role in ____ functioning as well. A large body of evidence shows a positive correlation between _____ and ______ sleep. Further, just as sleep deprivation is associated with many poor health outcomes, so is _______. Those who feel lonely are at risk for a number of negative health outcomes, including cardiovascular _____, other ____ illnesses, cognitive decline, and even ______

sleep, chronic, diabetes, chronic, dementia, depression

cytokines

sleep, social, loneliness, disturbed, loneliness, disease, chronic, death

Major sleep disorders include ______, ________and sleep talking, nightmares and ____ _____, _______, and ____ _____.

insomnia: the inability to sleep

sleepwalking: somnambulism

sleeptalking: somniloquy

nightmares, night terrors

narcolepsy: sudden, overpowering urge to sleep

sleep apnea: individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly.

Freud distinguished between a dream’s ______ content and its _____ content.

_____ content is the dream’s ____ content, which contains dream _____ that ______ the dream’s ____ meaning

_____ content is the dream’s hidden _____, its unconscious—and ___—meaning.

• For example, if a person had a dream about riding on a train and talking with a friend, the train ride would be the dream’s manifest content.

• The ______ content is simply the dream ______.

• The ______ content is the dream’s _____ true meaning.

Freud thought that this manifest content expresses a wish in disguised form.

To get to the latent or true meaning of the dream, the person would have to analyze the dream images. In our example, the dreamer would be asked to think of all the things that come to mind when the person thinks of a train, the friend, and so forth. By following these associations to the objects in the manifest content, the latent content of the dream could be brought to light

manifest, latent

manifest, surface, symbols, disguise, true

latent, content, true

manifest, itself

latent, deeper

________ ______ of dreaming: Theory proposing that ______ can be understood by applying the same ______ concepts used to study the ____ mind.

cognitive, theory, dreaming, cognitive, waking

_________-_________ theory of dreaming: Theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and that dreams result from the brain’s attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.

activation-synthesis

One way that people seek to alter their own consciousness is through the use of ______ drugs. In fact, illicit drug use is a _____ problem.

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC, 2020), nearly ___ million people worldwide used drugs in 2018, a __ percent increase from 2009.

Drug consumption among ___ and _________ is a special concern because of its links to problems such as ____ sex, sexually transmitted ______, ______ pregnancy, depression, school-related difficulties, and death.

The use of drugs among U.S. secondary school students declined in the ____ but began to increase in the early _____.

Since the late 1990s, the proportion of secondary school students reporting the use of any illicit drug declined or leveled off at a low level. The one exception is ______.

Drug use by U.S. high school seniors since 1975 and by U.S. eighth- and tenth-graders since 1991 has been tracked in a national survey called ______ the ______.

The ____ _____ still has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.

psychoactive, global

270, 30

youth, adolescents, unsafe, infection, unplanned

1980,1990

vaping

monitoring, future

united states

_________ drugs act on the nervous system to alter ___________, modify perception, and change ___. Some people use psychoactive drugs to ____ with life’s difficulties. Drinking, smoking, and taking drugs reduce ______, relieve boredom and fatigue, and provide a ________ escape from the harsh _____ of life. Some people use drugs because they are _____ about their _____.

continued drug use leads to:

• ________: the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect.

• ________ ________: the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.

• _________ __________: the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.

• __________: either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug

How does the brain become addicted? _______ drugs increase _____ levels in the brains ______ pathways. This reward pathway is located in the _____ tegmental area (VTA) and _______ accumbens (NAcc)

psychoactive, consciousness, mood, deal, tension, temporary, realities, curious, effects

tolerance

physical dependence

physiological dependence

addiction

psychoactive, dopamine, reward, ventral, nucleus

3 main categories of psychoactive drugs: _______,___________,_____________

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

_________ are psychoactive drugs that slow down ____ and _____ activity. Among the most widely used depressants are _____, barbiturates, ______, and ____.

_____ is a powerful drug. It acts on the body primarily as a _________ and slows the _____ activities. This effect might seem surprising, as people who tend to be inhibited may begin to talk, dance, and socialize after a few drinks. However, people “loosen up” after a few drinks because the brain areas involved in _____ and _______ slow down. As people drink more, their inhibitions decrease even further, and their judgment becomes increasingly impaired. Activities that require intellectual functioning and motor skills, such as _____, become harder to perform. Eventually the drinker falls asleep. With extreme intoxication, the person may lapse into a ____ and ___.

________ has a powerful impact throughout the body. It affects everything from the operation of the nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems to sensation, perception, motor coordination, and intellectual functioning.

The effects of alcohol vary from person to person. Factors in this variation are ____ weight, the amount of alcohol _____, individual differences in the way the body _______ alcohol, and the presence or absence of tolerance. Because of differences in body fat as well as stomach enzymes, _____ are likely to be more strongly affected by alcohol than ___.

_________ increases ____

depressants, mental, physical, alcohol, tranquilizers, opioids

alcohol, depressant, brains, inhibitions, judgement, driving, coma, die

alcohol

body, consumed, metabolizes, women, men

alcohol, GABA

Alcohol increases ______, an inhibitory transmitter.

Alcohol increases in ________ in reward areas associated with the experience of pleasure and a decrease in ________.

GABA

Dopamine, anxiety

_____ drinking (4/5 drinks in one sitting) can take a serious toll on students, personally and academically.

_________ is a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and is associated with impairment of the drinker’s health and social relationships. Alcoholism refers to severe __________on alcohol. ________ disorder is a term used for problem drinking that can be mild, ________, or severe.

One in nine people who drink continues down the path to alcoholism.

_______ childhood experiences are related to alcohol problems later in life. Another risk factor is ______ history. Growing up in a family with a caregiver who has alcoholism is associated with alcohol use problems. In addition, behavior genetic studies show that _____ do play a role in alcohol use disorder

more than __% of binge drinkers missed class, trouble with the police, unprotected sex and etc.

binge

alcoholism, dependence, alcohol use, moderate

1/9

traumatic, family, genes

50

__________, such as _______ and Seconal, are _________ drugs that decrease central ______ system activity. Physicians once widely prescribed barbiturates as ______ aids because barbiturates put people to sleep. In heavy ______, they can lead to impaired ____, _____ decision making, and difficulty breathing.

When combined with ______, barbiturates can be ____. Heavy doses of barbiturates by themselves can cause _____. Abrupt withdrawal can produce ______. Because of the addictive potential and risk of toxic overdose, barbiturates have largely been replaced by _________ in the treatment of _______.

barbiturates, nembutal, depressant, nervous, sleep, dosages, memory, poor

alcohol, lethal, death, seizures, tranquilizers, insomnia

_______, such as Valium and ____, are _________ drugs that reduce _____ and induce _______. In _____ doses tranquilizers can bring on a feeling of ___; ____ doses can lead to ______ and confusion. _____ for tranquilizers can develop within a few _____of usage, and these drugs are _____. Widely prescribed in the United States to calm anxious individuals, ________ can produce ________ symptoms when use is stopped. Prescription ________ were part of the lethal cocktail of drugs that ended the life of Whitney Houston in 2012.

_______ release ______

tranquillizers, Xanax, anxiety, relaxation, small, calm, higher, drowsiness, tolerance, weeks, addictive, tranquilizers, withdrawal, tranquilizers

tranquilizers release dopamine

______, or _____, are a class of drugs that act on the brain’s _______ receptors. They include ____ and its natural derivatives (morphine and ______) as well as synthetic chemicals created to mimic the activity of ____. These drugs depress activity in the central ______ system and eliminate ____. _______ are powerful ________.

• can lead to ______, ______ appetite

• highly addictive, painful withdraw

• high risk of death from overdose

• ______ release ________, and drive up the production of ________

• after taking an ______, the person feels euphoric and ___ free and has an ______ appetite for ____ and ____

narcotics, opioids, endorphin, opium, heroin, opium, nervous, pain, opioids, painkillers

euphoria, increased

opioids, release endorphins, dopamine

opioid, pain, increased, food, sex

_________ are psychoactive drugs that _______ the central nervous system’s activity. The most widely used stimulants are ______, _______, ________, and cocaine.

stimulants, increase, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

_________ Often overlooked as a drug, caffeine is the world’s most widely used psychoactive drug. ______ is a stimulant and a _____ component of the plants that are the sources of coffee, tea, and cola drinks.

people often perceive the stimulating effects of caffeine as beneficial for boosting _____ and alertness.

__________ refers to an overindulgence in caffeine. It is characterized by ____ changes, _____, and ______disruption

common symptoms of caffeinism: ______, irritability, headaches, _____ ears, dry_____, increased blood pressure, and ______ problems

withdrawal symptoms include: _____, concentration, difficulties, _______, and headaches

caffeine, caffeine, natural

energy

caffeinism, mood, anxiety, sleep

insominia, ringing, mouth, digestive

apathy, lethargy

______ is the main psychoactive ingredient in all forms of smoking and smokeless ______.

_______ stimulates the brain’s _____ centers by raising _______ levels.

Behavioral effects of _____ include improved attention and alertness, reduced anger and anxiety, and pain relief.

withdrawal from nicotine often quickly produces strong, unpleasant symptoms such as: irritability, _______, inability to focus, _____ disturbance, and _______ appetite.

withdrawal symptoms can last for months

_______ is involved in nearly one in every __ deaths

______ involves inhaling _______ using a battery-powered e-cigarette

_______ raises _______ levels

nicotine, tobacco

nicotine, reward, dopamine

nicotine

cravings, sleep, increased

tobacco, 5

vaping, aerosols

nicotine, dopamine

___________, or uppers, are stimulant drugs that people use to _____ energy, stay awake, or ____ weight. Often prescribed in the form of ____ pills, these drugs _____ the release of _______, which enhances the user’s activity level and pleasurable feelings. Prescription drugs for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, such as _____, are also stimulants.

amphetamines, boost, weight, diet, increase, dopamine, Ritalin

_____ is an illegal drug that comes from the ____ plant, native to _____ and ____. Cocaine is either ____ or _____ in the form of _____ or _____. Used this way, cocaine floods the bloodstream rapidly, producing a rush of euphoric feelings that lasts for about to minutes. Because the rush depletes the brain’s supply of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, an ____, depressed mood usually follows as the drug’s effects ______

_____is a potent form of ______, consisting of ____ of ____ cocaine that are usually _____. Scientists believe that crack is one of the most _____ substances known. Treatment of cocaine and crack addiction is difficult

______ _________ the CNS

cocaine, coca, Boliva, Peru, snorted, injected, crystals, powder, 15-30, agitated, decline

crack, cocaine, chips, pure, smoked, addictive

cocaine, increases

MDMA—called ______, X, or XTC—is an illegal synthetic drug with both _______ and _____________ properties. People have called Ecstasy an “_______,” because under its influence users tend to feel ____ bonds with others. Not surprisingly, MDMA is associated with ______ sexual risk taking.

MDMA produces its effects by releasing ______, _________, and norepinephrine and can impair memory and cognition processing. In addition, chronic use may impair the ______ system

ecstasy, stimulant, hallucinogenic, empathogen, warm, increased, serotonin, dopamine, serotonin

_________ are psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s perceptual ________ and produce ____ images that are not real. _____________ are also called _______ drugs. _______ has a very mild hallucinogenic effect; ___, a stronger one.

halluncinogens, experiences, visual, hallucinogens, psychedelic, marijuana, LSD

________ is the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant _____ ____, which originated in Central Asia but is now grown in most parts of the world. The plant’s dried resin is known as ______. The active ingredient in marijuana is __(delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol).

THC activates receptors (called _______receptors) that exist in a number of areas of the brain, including the limbic system, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum.

THC attaches to receptors that are typically used by a neurotransmitter called ________, a neurotransmitter that functions to regulate mood, eating, and other functions

marijuana, cannabis sativa, hashish, THC

THC, cannabinoid

THC, anandamide

____ (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a ________ that even in low doses produces striking perceptual changes. Objects change shape and glow; colors become kaleidoscopic, and astonishing images unfold. LSD-induced images are sometimes pleasurable and sometimes grotesque. LSD can also influence a user’s sense of time so that brief glances at objects are experienced as deep, penetrating, and lengthy examinations, and minutes turn into hours or even days. A bad LSD trip can trigger extreme _____, paranoia, and suicidal or _____ impulses.

LSD, hallucinogen, anxiety, homicidal

________: an altered state of ________ or as a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

people have used basic hypnotic techniques since the beginning of recorded history, in association with ______ ceremonies, magic, and the supernatural

hypnosis, consciousness

religious

Individuals in a typical hypnotic state display a predominance of ____ and ____ waves, characteristic of people in a relaxed waking state, when monitored by an EEG.

In a very deep state of hypnosis the brain can show a predominance of ____ waves. The pattern of brain activation associated with the hypnotic state is not unlike that found when people engage in mental imagery.

alpha, beta

theta

Hypnosis involves four steps. The hypnotist

1) _______ distractions and makes the person to be hypnotized ________.

2) Tells the person to _________ on something specific, such as an imagined scene or the ticking of a ____.

3) ______ the person what to expect in the hypnotic state, such as ________ or a pleasant floating sensation.

4) Suggests certain events or feelings they know will _____ or observe occurring, such as “Your eyes are getting tired.” When the suggested effects occur, the person interprets them as being caused by the hypnotist’s suggestion and accepts them as an indication that something is happening. This increase in the person’s expectations that the hypnotist will make things happen in the future makes the person even more suggestible.

minimizes, comfortable

concentrate, watch

informs, relaxation

occur

________ _____ __ ______ view of hypnosis: Hilgard’s view that hypnosis involves a ______ of consciousness into separate components: one that follows the hypnotist’s ______ and the other that acts as a “hidden observer.”

divided state of consciousness, splitting, 2, commands

In the ____ _______behavior view of hypnosis, hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way the individual _____ that a hypnotized person should behave.

The ____ _________perspective frames the important questions about hypnosis around _______ factors—the attitudes, expectations, and beliefs of good hypnotic participants—and around the powerful social context in which hypnosis occurs.

People being hypnotized surrender their responsibility to the hypnotist and follow the hypnotist’s suggestions; and they have expectations about what hypnosis is supposed to be like.

social cognitive, believes

social cognitive, cognitive

In the United States, practitioners of _____ use the technique to treat alcoholism, somnambulism, ______, depression, suicidal tendencies, ____-_______ stress disorder, overeating, diabetes, _____, and various types of pain

_______ appears to be most effective when combined with ________

___________, is a form of nonmedical treatment in which a professional seeks to help someone overcome life difficulties.

hypnosis, insomnia, post-traumatic, smoking

hypnosis, psychotherapy

psychotherapy

_______ involves attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry. The meditator is mindfully present to thoughts and feelings but is not consumed by them.

2 characteristics of meditation: _______ attention and ____ monitoring

meditation

focused, open

_________ meditation, a technique practiced by yoga enthusiasts and Buddhist monks. _______ meditation used to treat various conditons (e.g., depression, chronic pain, and stress)

mindfulness, mindfulness

another form of meditation is called _______ meditation. The goal of this meditative practice is the development of loving acceptance of oneself and others.

lovingkindness fosters feelings of warmth, friendliness, compassion, and appreciative joy.

in lovingkindness meditation, the meditator begins by developing warm, accepting feelings toward oneself.

lovingkindness meditation leads to heightened feelings of social connection, positive emotions, and better coping with stress.

lovingkindness

Using fMRI, the experimenters obtained images of the brain before and after the participants entered the meditative state. They found that the switch to meditation involved, first, initial ______ in activation in the ____ ganglia and _____ cortex (the now familiar area that is often activated during consciousness).

However, and interestingly, these initial activations led to ______ in the _____ cingulate, the brain area associated with ________ awareness and acts of will. These results provide a picture of the physical events of the brain that are connected with the somewhat paradoxical state of meditation—controlling one’s thoughts in order to let go of the need to control.

increases, basal, prefrontal

decrease, anterior, conscious