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Textbook notes and lecture
Public Speaking
the act of delivering a message to an audience large or small
Empowerment
ability to speak with competence and confidence
Relationship between competence and confidence
competence drives confidence
Employment
enhance your career and leadership opportunities
Communication as action
linear; sender to receiver
Communication as interaction
Sender sends a message to receiver, receiver receives content and gives feedback
Communication requires a response from the receiver and it is received the way the speaker intended
Communication as transaction
constant process of sending and receiving messages; both the sender and the receiver simultaneously
construction of shared meanings or understandings between two (or more) people
7 components of communication
Source (the speakers job to encode)
Message
Channel (auditory and visual)
Receiver (must decode)
Noise (internal and external)
Feedback (given by receiver)
Context (situation)
Message
the speech; what is said and how
Auditory channel
speaker speaks; vocal cues (rate, voice quality, inflection)
Visual channel
eye contact, facial expressions, posture, gestures, dress, visual aids
Receiver
audience member; message depends on their past experiences, culture, beliefs, values
Noise
anything that interferes with the communication of a message
internal (physiological/psychological)
external (environment)
Who the speaker is centered on
audience
Context
environment or situation in which the speech occurs
Rhetoric
use of words or symbols to achieve a goal
Aristotle
All communication is persuasion; ethos, logos, pathos
Where does most communication occur?
in mundane and habitual situations
Relational perspective
communication and relationships are interconnected
Communication
transactive use of symbols, influenced, guided, and understood in the context of relationships
Key feature of transaction
Shared meaning
What happens when we communicate?
we create “worlds of new meaning”
Symbols
arbitrary representations of something else that holds meaning in society
Three characteristics of symbols
Arbitrary
abstract
ambiguous
Arbitrary
random (but not haphazard)
Abstract
ideas
Ambiguous
assign multiple meanings (polysemic)
Do symbols have multiple meanings?
No, they don’t have multiple meanings, but you can assign multiple meanings to them
Meaning
value or importance that is assigned
Social Construction Theory
symbols take on meaning as they are used in society over time
Sign
indicator or consequence of something that is not arbitrarily occurring in the environment (smoke is a sign of fire)
Is there a connection between symbols and what they represent
No
Types of context
Physical context: location
Relational context: relationship shared by the people interacting
Situational context: fight, birthday, holiday
Medium
The means through which the message is conveyed (face-to-face, text, handwritten note)
Relationship between communication and culture
Culture influences communication, communication creates and reinforces cultural influences
Frames
basic building blocks of knowledge that provide a definition of a scenario based on taken for granted assumptions and contextual clues
Communication frame
a boundary around a conversation that highlights certain things and distracts from others
What is the role of frames?
frames define roles and expectations in situations
frames decide what symbols to use and how they are used
frames are based on someone’s perspective of the situation
Representation
describes the facts or conveys information
Presentation
one person’s “take” on the facts and events
Relationship between representation and presentation
Representation and presentation contridict
The Communication Model
*don’t forget context!
Social construct
a symbol that takes on meaning as it is used over time
Constitutive Approach to Communication
communication can create or bring into existence something that had not been there before
brings into existence: shared meaning, friendships, contracts, etc
Note 
Flashcard (96)