2.1 AB WASTES PROPERTIES

AGRICULTURAL WASTES

non-product outputs of production and processing of agricultural products that may contain material that can benefit man but whose economic values are less than the cost of collection, transportation, and processing for beneficial use.

Manure

is composed of animal feces and urine and may contain livestock bedding, additional water, and waste feed

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL

TYPES OF WASTE

PHYSICAL WASTE

Observable, quantifiable measurable, sensible

CHEMICAL WASTE

Chemical composition is change based on reaction.

BIOLOGICAL WASTE

Organic component, microbial activities

INTENSIVE PROPERTY

Properties that does not depend on the amount of matter in a sample. E.g.. Color, odor, and texture.

EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

Properties do depend on sample size. E.g. volume, mass, size, weight, length.

COLOR

Grayish brown or yellowish indicates fresh manure. Within the passage of time, as putrefaction starts it begins to get black.

ODOR

Fresh sewage is not offensive. Within 3 to 4 hours, all oxygen present in the sewage gets exhausted and starts emitting offensive odor by hydrogen sulfide gas

TEMPERATURE

affects the biological activity of bacteria present in manure and it also affects the solubility of gases in liquid form.

BULK DENSITY

Mass of sample per unit volume

CONSISTENCY

Can be obtained based on moisture content

MC ≥ 96% - liquid

90% < MC < 96% - slurry

80% < MC < 90% - semi-liquid

MC ≤ 80% - solid

MOISTURE CONTENT

The part of waste material removed by evaporation and drying (%

MASS COMPOSITION OF WASTE

TOTAL SOLIDS (TS)

All the matter that remains as residue upon evaporation at 103°C to 105°C.

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)

Solid particles that can pass through a 2-micron filter. It include dissolved minerals and salts in the water.

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)

These are larger particles (>2-micron). These are organic and inorganic materials such as sediment, algae, and other contaminants that affects the turbidity of wate

TDS DETERMINATION METHODS

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

Gravimetric means "by weighing". Total dissolved solids is weighed after water is boiled away

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

TDS meter measures how well the water conducts electricity. It then converts that to concentration of total dissolved solids

FIXED SOLIDS

These are the residue left in the vessel after a sample of solution has been ignited and heated to dryness at 550°C or greater.

VOLATILE SOLIDS

These are solids lost after ignition at 550°C or greater.

MASS COMPOSITION OF WASTE

ORGANIC MATTER

Compounds (commonly suspended solids) containing elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It includes proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and oil.

NITROGEN

The total nitrogen includes ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NH3) and organic nitrogen

PHOSPHORUS

The total phosphorus includes the elemental phosphorus and other soluble phosphorous compounds that leads to nutrient pollution to water together with nitrogen.

(BOD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) Chemical Oxygen Demand

BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

(BOD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand

The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic waste at a certain temperature over a particular period of time

(COD) Chemical Oxygen Demand

Rapid laboratory procedure using chemical oxidants and heat to fully oxidize organic components of waste

BOD5

indicates the amount of oxygen which bacteria and other micro organisms consume in a water sample during the period of 5 days at a temperature of 20 °C to degrade the water contents aerobicall

is thus an indirect measure of the sum of all biodegradable organic substances in the water.

1-2 mg/L

Very Good: There will not be much organic matter present in the water supply.

3-5 mg/L

Fair: Moderately Clean

6-9 mg/L

Poor: Somewhat Polluted - Usually indicates that ,organic matter present and microorganisms are decomposing that waste.

100 mg/L or more

Very Poor: Very Polluted - Contains organic matter

BACTERIA

ALGAE

FUNGI

PROTOZOA

VIRUSES

COMMON MICROORGANISMS IN WASTE

BACTERIA

These includes living organisms present in wastes.

● Often unicellular ● Omnipresent ● Beneficial ● Pathogenic

Microorganisms are essential for treatment of waste in compost, biogas and lagoons.

PSYCHROPHILES MESOPHILES THERMOPHILES

TYPES OF BACTERIAL BASED ON OPERATIONAL TEMPERATURE

PSYCHROPHILES

grows best at low temperatures (-10°C – 20°C)

MESOPHILES

grows best in moderate temperature (20°C - 45°C)

THERMOPHILES

grows in extremely hot environments (32°C – 93°C)

PSEUDOMONA

SPHAEROTILUS

ZOOGLOEA

BDELLOVIBRIO

NITROSOMONAS

COLIFORM

NITROBACTER

ROTIFER

COMMON BACTERIA IN WASTEWATER

PSEUDOMONA

• Reduce Nitrate (NO3) to Nitrite (N2).
• Can be found in soil, marshes, water areas.
• Pathogenic

ZOOGLOEA

• Lower the BOD levels.

• Can be found in fresh waters (Polluted).

SPHAEROTILUS

• Helps to provide Nutrients and control DO concentration.

• Usually found water areas.

BDELLOVIBRIO

• Remove pathogens (Salmonella)

• Usually found in soil, sewage, and other terrestrial and aquatic habitats.

NITROSOMONAS

• Transform Ammonium (NH4) to Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).

• Usually found in soil and water areas.

NITROBACTER

• Transform Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) to Nitrate (NO3)
• Usually found in soils, natural stones, fresh and salt water.

COLIFORM

• Commonly used as indicator potential presence of disease-causing bacteria in water/ pathogens.

• Usually found in soil, surface of water, and human skin.

• Some are harmless, some are pathogenic.

ROTIFER

• Grows when the of water has plenty of oxygen.

• It lowers the BOD levels, lowers the toxicity, and stabilizes the water system.

• Found in many types of water.

FUNGI

These are saprophytes which feeds and grows on dead organisms. It is important in decomposing organic matter to simple forms. Some fungi are single-celled, while others are multicellular. .

yeast

Single-celled fungi are called

hyphae (hypha)

Multicellular fungi have many — (singular: —), which are branching filaments.

ALGAE

It is a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly classified as either microalgae or macroalgae.
It consumes nutrients in wastewater beneficial to oxidation ponds. For bodies of water, it may cause eutrophication which causes problems when decayed

PROTOZOA

a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. It includes paramecium, amoeba, and euglena.

Common species feed on bacteria so they help in the purification of treated waste water. Some of them are pathogenic.

VIRUSES

a major hazard to public health. Some viruses can live as long as 41 days in water and wastewater at 20 ºC. They cause lots of dangerous diseases.

Wastewater may contain adenovirus, HAV, HEV, poliovirus, and rotavirus.