MGT 8113 Midterm

Excellence in leadership requires the ability to

• attract capable people

• motivate people to put forth their best efforts

• solve problems that arise

Leadership is ___ ____ that brings about ____

social influence, change

Leadership produces a __ _____ that would otehrwise not exist

new direction

Leadership influences the ___ of others through ___ and ____.

behavior, ideas and deeds

Leadership can

• bring unity

• influence social conscience and conduct

• shape the fate of entire nations

Three types of leaders

teachers, heroes, rulers

teachers

rule breakers and value creators

examples of teachers

Aristotle, Marx, Buddha, and Gandhi

heroes

responsible for great causes and noble works

examples of heroes

Galileo, Shakespeare, Einstein, and Newton

rulers

dominate over others and exercise power

examples of rulers

Elizabeth the First, Julius Caesar, Washington, and Akbar

How is leadership evolving?

• moving away from autocratic, hierarchical models

  • moving toward a particiapatory model that empowers individuals

Traits that correlate positively with leadership

• strong drive for responsibility and task completion

• initiative in social situations

• self-confidence and sense of personal indentity

• willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions

• ability to influence other persons’ behavior

T or F: having individual leadership traits has large predictive significance.

F

Environmental factors of leadership

• can be forged through many forces like environment and circumstance

• can be viewed as a social phenomenon as opposed to an individual trait

• defined differently by different cultures and time period

T or F: male leaders have outnumbered female leaders throughout history.

T

Evidence shows that both ___ and ___ are important elements of leadership

qualities of the individual and environmental factors

Leaders may emerge spontaneously in __ __

social crisis

Where do leaders learn to lead?

• experience

• examples of leadership

• formal education and books

What do people want in a leader?

• integrity

• job knowledge

• people-building skills

Andrew DuBrin’s 7 Satisfactions of a Leader

• feeling power and prestige

• chance to help others

• high income

• respect and status

• opportunities for advancement

• feeling of being in a position of knowledge

• opportunity to control money and other resources

Andrew DuBrin’s 7 Frustrations of a Leader

• too much uncompensated work time

• too many problems

• not enough authority to carry out responsibility

• loneliness

• too many problems involving people

• organizational politics

• pursuit of conflicting goals

_ is an essential ingredient for successful leadership.

Caring

When a leader cares:

• others care

• others necome focused and energized

• others find direction and develop momentum

When a leader cares, ___ are made

great achievements

Management

formal authority and delegated accountability

functions of management

planning, organizing, directing, controlling

functions of leadership

establishing a direction, aligning people and resources, energizing people to accomplish results

vision

an ideal image of what could and should be

3 questions to test your vision

• is this the right direction

• are these the right goals

• is this the right time

Leaders must act as ____, breathing life into their organizations

animators

Leaders must have

• a vision

• a strategy

• intensity and stamina

• a deep conviction for their vision

3 leadership characteristics needed for change

• taking personal responsibility for initiating change

• creating a vision and strategy for the organization

• trusting and supporting others

Visioning is credited to

Ronald Lippitt

First 4 elements of a vision

• central purpose or mission

• braod goals to achieve the mission

• core values to measure the rightness or wrongness of behavior

• stakeholders and what the attainment of the vision will mean to them

Elements 5 and 6 of visioning that involve strategic planning

• analysis of the organization and its environment

• strategic initiatives or critical success factors

2 important goals in a SWOT analysis

identifying strengths and opportunities

7th element of a vision that covers implementation

tactical plans and specific assignments to support strategic initiatives, broad goals, and attainment of the mission

An organization’s vision should be

simple, focused, uplifting, and usable

Alignment

making sure the organizational structure and employee behavior supports the purpose and value of the organization

To implement your vision, you must

set priorities

Failure to ___ is a primary cause of derailment of vision

execute

Why create a vision?

• significant vision precedes significant success

• image of the future is shared by leaders and followers

• a nation with vision is enabled, and a nation without vision is at risk

Requirements for an effective vision

• developed by leaders

• communicated to followers

• comprehensive and detailed

• uplifting and inspiring

Pshchologist David McClelland identifies 3 basic motives for leadership

power, achievement, affliation

If an employee has a need for power,

give them the opportunity to make decisions and direct projects

If an employee has a need for achievement,

provide them with meaningful work assignments that allow them to be self motivated

If an employee has a need for affliation,

give them opportunities to interact with others

Why is effective leadership is so rare?

the leadership ability are difficult tasks

Leadership is an ___ ___

acquired competency

T or F: a leader is successful is all situations.

F

Acts to increase leader strengths

claiming and granting

claiming

verbal and nonverbal acts that individuals use to assert leadership

granting

behaviors that others in a social setting engage in to recognize a person’s leadership

Early studies of leadership were based on the following theories:

trait theory and behavior theory

trait theory

focuses on qualities of the leader

behavior theory

focuses on leadership actions

Leadership trait theory assumes that

distinctive physical and psychological characteristics account for leadership effectiveness

Important traits of a leader

• basic intelligence

• clear and strong values

• high level of personal energy

Ghiselli’s traits for effective leadership

• need for achievement

• intelligence

• decisiveness

• self-confidence

• initiative

• supervisory ability

Dimensions of leadership

bright, lazy, dull, energetic

Kurt Lewin trained assistants in behaviors indicative of three leadership styles:

• autocratic

• democratic

• laissez-faire

autocratic leadership

characterized by thight control of group activities and decisions made by the leader

democratic leadership

emphasized group participation and majority rule

Laissez-faire leadership

involved low levels of any kind of activity by the leader

Which style of leadership was most beneficial?

democratic

Kurt Lewin’s study emphasized the ___ of the leader on the ____.

impact of the behavior of the leader on the performance of followers

Ralph Stogdill developed the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire with 2 dimensions that describe leaders’ behavior

• initiating structure

• consideration

initiating structure

task oriented, exten to which leaders take action to define the relationship between themselves and their staff

consideration

relationship-oriented, extent to which leaders take action to develop trust, respect, support, and friendship with subordinates

Rensis Likert and the University of Michigan found 2 dimensions of leadership behavior

• job centered (same as task oriented)

• employee centered (same as relationship oriented)

The managerial grid identified a real leader as having a high concern for

both production and people

The Managerial Grid was created by

Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964

The managerial grid identifies 5 major styles

• impoverished

• sweatshop

• country club

• status quo

• fully functioning

impoverished leadership style

low concern for production and people

sweatshop leadership style

high concern for production but low concern for people

Country club leadership style

high concern for people but low concern for task accomplishment

status quo leadership style

medium concern for both production and people

fully functioning leadership style

high concern for both production and people

paternalistic leadership style

uses high concern for production combined with use of rewards in exchange for compliance and loyalty

opportunistic leadership style

uses whichever style will best promote the manager’s own advancement

which 2 leadership styles have been recently added?

paternalistic and opportunitistic

Leadership lessons from Margot Morrell documenting Ernest Shackleton’s Endurance expedition

• leading by example

• communicating a vision

• keeping up morale

• maintaining a positive attitude

Contingency theory

claims the most appropriate leadership qualities and actions vary from situation to situation and states that leadership effectiveness depends on the leader, followers, and situational factors

A crisis can create followers who actively look for a ___ to fix their problems.

charismatic leader

Characteristics of a charismatic leader

dominant, ambitious, self-confident, and sense of purpose

The term transformational leadership can be used to describe the leadership of those that use __ to transform organizations to new level of performance.

optimism, charm, and intelligence

Transformational leaders …

• focus on the potential relationship between the leader and the followers

• engage the full person of the follower

• tap the motives of the followers

Transactional leaders …

• focus on exchanges between leaders and followers

• emphasize exchanging one thing for another

10 qualities that make a leader

vision, ability, enthusiasm, stability, concern for others, self-confidence, persistence, vitality, charisma, integrity

A leader requires a strong

sense of purpose

Vision causes the leader to

accept their leadership duties

Enthusiasm is a form of ____

persuasiveness

A leader should be emotionally stable to

protect their objectivity and judgement

A persistent leader is one who has the _____ to stick with difficult tasks until their completion.

drive and determination

__ and _ are needed to fulfill leadership tasks even if the mind and spirit are willing

strenght and stamina

The most important, fundamental quality of leadership is

integrity

narcissim

a self-centered perspective, a feeling of superiority and an obession with personal power and glory

machiavellianism

puts self interest over moral behavior, willing to try to manipulate others, have a cynical view of human nature, and lack remorse