PHYL142L: anatomy of the reproductive systems

to generate sex cells/gametes

what is the purpose of the reproductive system?

to generate an offspring

what are sex cells/gametes used for?

sperm

what are the male gametes?

egg or ova

what are the female gametes?

fertilization

when the sperm and egg/ova are combined

testes

what is the main organ of the male reproductive system?

scrotum

where are the testes located?

sperm and hormones

what do the testes generate?

seminiferous tubules

where is the sperm formed?

epididymis

what surrounds the testes and is the site for sperm maturation?

semen

what contains both seminal fluid (alkaline protection for survival in vagina) and sperm?

ovaries

what is the main organ of the female reproductive system?

follicles

where are the ovaries contained?

eggs and hormones

what do the ovaries generate?

ovulation

through what are the eggs of the female reproductive system ejected?

once a month

how often are eggs ejected by the ovaries?

uterus

a muscular organ which houses a fetus during development

endometrium

lining of uterus that sloughs off every month (during the period)

uterine/fallopian tube

where the egg travels from the ovary to the uterus, fertilization usually happens there

mammary gland

the purpose of this structure is to nourish an infant by producing milk and is stimulated by estrogen

prolactin

milk production in a lactating female is stimulated by what hormone?

gametogenesis

through what process are gametes generated?

sex cells

what kind of cells are haploid (1n)?

23

how many chromosomes do sex cells have?

haploid

cell with unpaired chromosomes

46

how many chromosomes do diploid cells have?

all cells except for sex cells

what kind of cells are diploid?

diploids

cells that have paired chromosomes

gametogenesis

process that generates gametes

spermatogenesis

generates male gametes

oogenesis

generates female gametes

puberty, ends at the end of life

when does spermatogenesis begin and end?

recombination/ crossover of genes in prophase I

what enables genetic diversity?

prophase I, anaphase I, anaphase II

what is the order of meiosis in order?

prophase I

step in meiosis when tetrads form by synapsis of homologues

between prophase I and anaphase I

when does the crossover or genes happen in meiosis?

anaphase I

step in meiosis when homologues separate

anaphase II

step in meiosis when sister chromatids separate

spermatogonia

what kind of stem cells does spermatogenesis start with?

round spermatid

what kind of cell does spermatogenesis end with?

spermiogenesis

what is the final process of spermatogenesis that generates mature sperm with tail

oogenesis

begins at fetal development and stops by birth, so females are born lifetime supply of her eggs (primary oocyte-arrested in prophase I)

oogonia

what stem cell does oogenesis start with?

ova

what cell does oogenesis end with?

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

what does oogenesis produce?

essential organelles

what do the eggs/ova supply the fetus with?

menstrual cycle

when the egg removed along with the functional layer of the endometrium

prophase I

in which stage of meiosis is a primary oocyte arrested in?

ova

which gamete provides the developing fetus with mitochondria?

ova maturation, release of ova, growth of uterine lining, uterine shedding

what are the stages of the menstrual cycle in order?

28 to 32 days

how long does a menstrual cycle typically last?

menstrual phase (days 1-5)

when the functional endometrium is shed off if fertilization doesn’t occur

proliferative phase (day 6-14)

when the functional layer of endometrium is rebuilt by estrogen

after day 14 of the menstrual cycle

when does ovulation occur?

secretory phase (day 15-28)

with progesterone, functional layer of endometrium receive enrichment of blood supplies and nutrients via glands (prepare for fertilization)

estrogen stimulates hypothalamus to release gonadotropin releasing hormone which stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH. a follicle develops until ovulation comes and the ovum is released into the fallopian tube, the zygote starts forming after fertilization, mitosis splits the zygote into 2 cells then 4 then 8 then passes through the ostium implanting the blastocyst on the endometrium. the follicle that released the ovum turns into a corpus luteum which releases progesterone and estrogen to the endometrium.

summarize conception

prostate

small, walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluids

prostate cancer

what is the most common cancer in men over 50 years old?

endometriosis

a painful condition where endometrial tissue grow outside of the uterus

pelvic pain/cramping, usually associated with menstrual period

what are the symptoms of endometriosis?