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Microevolution
Changes in allele frequency in a population over time.
Macroevolution
Broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level.
Speciation
The process by which one species splits into two or more species.
Biological Species Concept
Defines a species as a group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.
Morphological Species Concept
Defines a species based on structural features.
Ecological Species Concept
Defines a species in terms of its ecological niche.
Prezygotic Barriers
Barriers that prevent fertilization from occurring between different species habitat, temporal, behavioral, physical barrier
Postzygotic Barriers
Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult. sperm competition, mechanical, sterile, fitness of hybrid
Allopatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs when gene flow is interrupted or reduced due to geographic isolation.
Sympatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area.
Polyploidy
The presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division.
Hybrid Zone
A region where members of different species mate and produce hybrids.
Reinforcement
Strengthening of reproductive barriers when hybrids are less fit than parent species.
Fusion
Weakening of reproductive barriers leading to the merging of parent species into a single species.
Stability
Continued formation of hybrid individuals in a stable hybrid zone.
Punctuated Equilibria
A model describing periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change in the fossil record.