A&P Lab exam 2

Identify

External nares

identfiy

Nasal cavity

This is one of three what?

Nasal conchae

Identify the m arked structure

nasal conchae

Identify

Nasal septum

Identify this structure

Frontal sinus

Identify

Sphenoidal sinus

Identify

Maxillary sinus

Identify the sinuses superior to inferior

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

Identify

Nasopharyns

Identify

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Identify the three structures

Nasal cavity, adenoids/pharyngeal tonisls, and auditory (eustachian) tubes

Identify

Oropharynx

ID

Palatine tonsils

Identify from supior to inferior

Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

Describe the location of the pharyngeal/adenoids, palatine, and lingual tonsils

Pharyngeal/adenoids - at the end of the nasal cavity, Palatine - on either lateral side of the throat/mouth, lingual - on back of throat

ID

Laryngopharynx

ID

Larynx

ID from superior to inferior

Thyroid cartilage, thyroid gland, trachea

ID

Epiglottis

ID

Epiglottis

ID

Thyroid cartilage

Describe the Glottis

The vocal cords and space between them

ID

Vocal folds

What is pictured

View of larynx, to the left is the glottis and vocal folds

ID

Trachea

ID

Trachea

ID

Bronchial tree

How many primary bronchi are there?

2 right and left

How many secondary bronchi are there

3 on right, 2 on left for each lobe of the lungs

Identify what type of bronchi each color represents

Green primary, blue secondary (lobar(, yellow tertiary, red is smaller bronchi and then bronchioles

What are the bronchioles with alveoli off of them called?

Respiratory bronchioles

Identify superior to inferior

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli

What is the layer of alveolar cells, capillary cells, and the fused basement membranes of the capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium called?

Respiratory membrane

ID the structure in between the lungs

Mediastinum, holds the heart as well

ID

Superior lobe of left lung

ID

Superior lobe of right lung

ID

Inferior lobe of left lung

ID

Inferior lobe of right lung

ID

Middle lobe of right lung

ID

Horizontal fissure of right lung

ID

Oblique fissure of right lung

ID

Oblique fissure of left lung

ID from superior to inferior (top three)

Parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura,

ID

Diaphragm

ID

Diaphragm

ID

Phrenic nerve

What nerve is seen innervating the diaphragm

Phrenic nerves

Which intercostal muscles are angled TOWARDS the head

Internal intercostals

Which intercostals are angled AWAY from the head?

External intercostals

What innervates the intercostal muscles?

Intercostal nerve

ID

Thyroid gland

What are the hard little lumps on the back of the thyroid gland called?

Parathyroid gland

Identify the cell type nand where

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, in trachea

Id the tissue, and where

Hyaline cartilage, in trachea

ID the tissue type and where

Smooth muscle in trachea

ID the stained redish pink structure

Tracheal cartilage or tracheal rings

Describe and point out the location of the trachealis muscle

White section, c shaped ring deep to hyaline ring

ID the structure

Goblet cells (stained)

ID this condition

Coal dust/black lung

ID this organ histologically

Lung

ID this condition, note important features

Tuberculosis, hard bulbs (the rounded tubercle visible in upper right corner)

ID this condition and its identifitying features

Emphysema, enlarged airspaces and shortness of breath - destruction of alveoli

ID this condition and note its cuase and primary features

Neonatal pumonary distress syndrome, thick hyaline membranes because of alveolar collapse from a lack of surfactant

What is the volume of air beathed in and out without conscious effort, and what is its volume

Tidal volume, about 500 ml

What is the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effor after a normal inspiration, and what is the average value ml

Inspiratory reserve volume, about abt 3000 ml

What is the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation, +avg value

Expiratory reserve volume, 1100 ml

What is the total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation +avg ml

Vital capacity, 4600ml

What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation, and why +ml

Residual volume, the lungs can never be completely emptied, abt 1200ml

What is the VC+RV?

Total lung Capacity

Locate the ERV, IRV, TV, RV, and VC

2, 1, 4, 5, 3

TC= Blank +IRV +ER

TV

blank = VC +RV

TLC

During hyperventilatiion what happens to blood pH

Raises ph

Hypoventilation does what to blood pH

lowers it, less CO2 is expelled

What happened when you blew into the alkaline water with the alkaline indicator?

It turned clear again as you added CO2 to the water and it lowered the pH (added H+ ions)

What happened after excercise to make it take less time to turn the indicator clear?

Excercise increased rate of breath which raised the pH meaning it raised the pH of the solution faster

Define (and list the organs involved in) the gastrointestinal tract/digestive tract

Tube from oral cavity to anus. Includes oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intesting

List the accesory digestive organs

Teeth and tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, digestive glands, liver, and gallbladder

Define digestion

The breakdown of ingested food into smaller components that can be absorbed

Define asorbtion

The membrane transfer of digested molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the epithelial lining

Identify the layers from internal to external

(Lumen) Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

Identify the structures pictured

villi

ID

Oral cavity

ID

Labia (lips)

a slit-like, horseshoe-shaped space between the inner surface of the lips/cheeks and the outer surface of the teeth/gums

Vestibule

ID superior to inferior

Superior labial frenulum, lingual frenulum, inferior labial frenulum

ID

Esophagus

What is the sphincter that connects the stomach and the esophagus

Gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter

ID

Stomach

ID

Rugae/gastric folds

ID

Cardiac region of stomach

ID

Fundus of stomach

ID

Body of stomach

ID this muscle

Pyloric sphincter

ID

Pylorus (region) - where the stomach goes to sm intestine

ID

Lesser curvature

ID

Greater curvature

ID

Parietal peritoneum

ID

Visceral peritoneum