Energy
Ability to perform work
Autotrophs
Use energy from sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, and water to make food
Heterotrophs
Organisms that cannot make their own food
ATP
Energy storage molecule used by most organisms (adenosine triphosphate)
Reduction
Addition of electrons to an atom or ion
Oxidation
Loss of an electron to an atom or ion
Photosynthesis
autotrophs convert sunlight into usable energy
Pigment
molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths or light and reflects/transmits others
Chlorophylls
most common and important photosynthetic pigments in plants and algae
Chloroplasts
organelles that contain pigments and chlorophyll in which photosynthesis occurs
Thylakoids
disk-shaped structures that contain photosynthetic pigments
Stroma
gel-like matrix that surrounds thylakoids
Grana
neatly folded thylakoids that resemble stacks of pancakes
Photosystems
light collecting units of chloroplasts
ATP Synthase
H+ ions released by photosystem II accumulate in the Thylakoid space. In a process called chemiosmosis, the ions cross the membrane through an ATP synthase channel. The energy released by the flow of H+ converts ADP to ATP
Photosystem II
light absorbed by photosystem II is used to split water, releasing O2, H+, and energized electrons
Photosystem I
electrons released by photosystem II are energized again in photosystem I. Enzymes in the membrane use the electrons to form high energy NADPH. NADPH is used to make sugar in the Calvin Cycle
Electron Carriers
molecules transfer electrons to Photosystem I
Calvin Cycle
the carbon fixing reactors that use the products of light to convert carbon dioxide and water to sugars
Cellular Respiration
food molecules are broken down to release energy for work
Glycolysis
glucose is converted to pyruvate, and energy is released
Aerobic Respiration
breakdown of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen
Krebs Cycles
series of oxidation reactions that make up the second phase of aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
chemical reactions that release energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen
Alcoholic Fermentation
anaerobic respiration that converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol
Lactic Acid Fermentation
anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to lactic acid