APUSH Units 1-5 Review Heimler

1491-1607

Timeframe of Unit 1, representing Pre-Columbian Americas to the founding of Jamestown.

Columbian Exchange

The transatlantic exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Americas and Europe.

Diversity of Native American Societies

Native American populations were varied with distinct cultures shaped by their environments.

European Imperial Goals

Different goals among European powers, such as Spain’s focus on wealth extraction.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

Argued that Native Americans were less than human and benefited from harsh labor.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Defended the dignity of Native Americans, arguing for their humane treatment.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607.

Chesapeake Region

Region focused on wealth extraction, primarily through tobacco cultivation.

New England Region

Settled by Puritans; aimed to create a religious society with strong family values.

Middle Colonies

Known for diversity and trade due to proximity to waterways; focused on exports of cereal crops.

Mercantilism

Economic theory where colonies provide raw materials to the parent country.

British Impressment

The British practice of seizing American men to serve in the Royal Navy.

Taxation Without Representation

Colonial grievance against Britain for imposing taxes without their consent.

French and Indian War / Seven Years' War

Conflict between Britain and France over territorial disputes in North America.

Consequences of the French and Indian War

Increased British debt leading to taxation in the colonies.

Common Sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued for American independence.

Continental Army

The army formed by the colonies to fight against British rule.

Articles of Confederation

The first governing document of the United States, creating a weak central government.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation, resulting in the U.S. Constitution.

Federalists

Supporters of a strong central government and the ratification of the Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of a strong central government; advocated for a Bill of Rights.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

A proposal that included a national bank, tariffs, and the assumption of state debts.

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic incident with France that resulted in public outrage in America.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed allowing deportation of non-citizens and restricting criticism of the government.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

State resolutions that asserted states' rights to nullify federal laws.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of territory from France, greatly expanding the U.S.

Corps of Discovery

The expedition led by Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory.

Judicial Review

The principle that allows the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws.

Marbury v. Madison

The Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain, partly caused by impressment of American sailors.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists opposing the War of 1812 and discussing secession.

Henry Clay's American System

Economic plan to unify the economy through tariffs and internal improvements.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Legislation that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy warning European nations against further colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

Market Revolution

Period of economic transformation linking Northern industry and Western/Southern agriculture.

Cult of Domesticity

Ideology that women should focus on home and family, while men engage in public life.

Panic of 1819

Economic downturn blamed on irresponsible banking practices.

Democrats

Political party led by Andrew Jackson, favoring limited federal government.

Whigs

Political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson, supporting economic modernization.

Tariff of Abominations

High protective tariff passed in 1828, angering Southern states.

Nullification Crisis

Conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over tariffs.

Force Bill

Legislation allowing the President to use military force to enforce laws.

Bank War

Conflict between Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the U.S.

Indian Removal Act

Legislation authorizing the displacement of Native American tribes.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement emphasizing nature and individualism, led by Emerson and Thoreau.

Hudson River School

Group of American artists known for their romanticized landscape paintings.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that emphasized moral reform in society.

Charles Finney

Prominent preacher during the Second Great Awakening advocating urban revivals.

American Temperance Society

Organization advocating for complete abstinence from alcohol.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery in the United States.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist and editor of The Liberator.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

A slave uprising in Virginia leading to increased restrictions on enslaved people.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 convention launching the women's rights movement.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document stating the demands for women's rights from the Seneca Falls Convention.

Yeoman Farmers

Independent landowners in the South who generally supported the institution of slavery.