APUSH Units 1-5 Review Heimler

APUSH Units 1-5 Review

Study Guide

This study guide covers key concepts and information from Units 1-5 of the APUSH curriculum, based on the provided source material. The source is a review live stream, focusing on high-level ideas and major themes.

Unit 1: 1491-1607

Key Timeframe: 1491 (Pre-Columbian Americas) to 1607 (Founding of Jamestown).
Major Focus: Diversity of Native American societies, European contact, and the resulting transformation of both cultures.
Big Idea 1 (of 5): Native American populations were diverse and their ways of life were shaped by their environment. Do not think of them as a single homogenous group.
Key Interactions: Initial contact led to the Columbian Exchange (though not explicitly defined in this excerpt, it's a major theme implicitly covered by "resulting transformation").
European Imperial Goals: Different European powers had different goals (e.g., Spain focused on extracting wealth, though not explicitly stated as a "goal" here, their actions suggest it).
Conflict and Cooperation: Interactions between Europeans and Native Americans involved both conflict and cooperation.
Consequences of Contact: European diseases devastated Native American populations. New labor systems developed due to the demand for wealth extraction.
Debates over Treatment of Native Americans: There was a significant debate in Europe regarding the treatment of Native Americans.
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: Argued Native Americans were less than human and benefited from harsh labor.
Bartolomé de las Casas: Argued for the dignity of Native Americans as human beings.

Unit 2: 1607-1754

Key Timeframe: 1607 to 1754 (Leading up to the French and Indian War).
Major Focus: Development of different British colonies in North America and their relationship with Britain.
Big Idea 2 (of 7): British colonies in North America differed in goals, population makeup, and society.
Chesapeake Region: Jamestown (1607). Goal: Extracting wealth. Population: Primarily men (indentured servants, later enslaved Africans). Profitable product: Tobacco.
New England Region: Settled ~1620 by Puritan families (separatists). Goal: Establish a religious society, economic prosperity. Society: Highly religious, family-based.
British West Indies & Southern Atlantic Coastal Colonies: Warm climate, year-round growing seasons. Cash crop economies (tobacco, sugar). High demand for enslaved African labor.
Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, etc. Trade hubs due to proximity to sea and rivers. Economy focused on exports (especially cereal crops). Diverse population.
Colonial Governance:New England: Largely self-governing, unusually democratic due to distance from Britain. Examples: Mayflower Compact (Pilgrims organizing government), House of Burgesses (Virginia representative assembly).
Big Idea 3 (of 7): Colonization was viable due to wealth from transatlantic trade (Atlantic Economy).
Triangular Trade: Global trade system. Example route: New England merchants with rum to West Africa for enslaved people, Middle Passage to Caribbean for sugarcane.
Mercantilism: Dominant European economic system. Colonies provide raw materials to parent country.
Growing Colonial Identity and Tension: Towards the end of this period, colonists experienced increasing frustration.
British Impressment: Seizing colonial men for service in the Royal Navy. Viewed as a violation of natural rights. Led to resistance (e.g., rioting for King George's War).
Colonists becoming aware of natural rights.

Unit 3: 1754-1800

Key Timeframe: 1754 (French and Indian War) to 1800 (Election of Thomas Jefferson).
Major Focus: Increasing tension between Britain and colonies, leading to independence and the creation of a new government. This unit is considered "beefy."
Big Idea 1 (of 10): French and Indian War led to increased land for colonies but greater taxation burden.
French and Indian War / Seven Years' War: Part of a larger war between Britain and France. Causes: Mutual conflict over Ohio River Valley. British win, ousting French from North America (Louisiana to Spain). Britain doubles land holdings to Mississippi River.
Consequences of War: Increased British debt led to new taxes on colonies. British felt colonists should contribute to war costs.
Colonial Resistance: Colonists resisted new taxes and regulations.
Arguments against taxation without representation.
Boycotts, protests, violence (e.g., Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party).
Road to Revolution: Escalating conflict and attempts at reconciliation fail.
Enlightenment ideas influenced colonial thinking (natural rights).
Common Sense (Thomas Paine) advocated for independence.
The American Revolution:Continental Army (led by George Washington) fought against British forces.
Gained foreign support (e.g., France).
Key Turning Points (not explicitly mentioned but implied by "successful colonial attempt").
Treaty of Paris (1783) grants independence.
Creating a New Government: Challenges of forming a unified nation.
Articles of Confederation: Weak central government, states held most power. Led to problems (economic instability, inability to enforce laws).
Constitutional Convention: Delegates meet to revise Articles, ultimately create a new Constitution. Debates over representation (Great Compromise), slavery (3/5 Compromise), power of the federal government.
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Debate over ratification of the Constitution.
Federalists: Supported strong central government (Federalist Papers).
Anti-Federalists: Feared strong central government, advocated for Bill of Rights.
The New Republic: Implementing the Constitution and early challenges.
Washington's Presidency: Established precedents. Hamilton's Financial Plan (national bank, tariffs, assumption of state debts) – opposed by Democratic-Republicans.
Political Parties Emerge: Federalists (Hamilton, Adams) vs. Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson, Madison). Disagreements over federal power, foreign policy.
XYZ Affair: French demanding bribes from American diplomats led to outrage.
Alien and Sedition Acts (Adams Administration): Made it easy to deport non-citizens, illegal to criticize government publicly. Opposed by Democratic-Republicans.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: States have the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws (concept to "put in your pocket").
Big Idea 10 (of 10): American national identity expressed through art, literature, and architecture, alongside regional representations.
Artists: John Wilson Peale, John Trumbull (historical themes).
Literature: Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac (shaped identity as industrious).
Architecture: Classical revival (Thomas Jefferson's Monticello) – borrowing from other cultures but forming American identity.

Unit 4: 1800-1848

Key Timeframe: 1800 (Election of Thomas Jefferson) to 1848 (End of Mexican-American War or Seneca Falls Convention).
Major Focus: Expansion of democracy, territorial growth, economic changes, and social reform movements. This unit is also considered "beefy."
Big Idea 1 (of 9): Jefferson's era: Political parties argued, Supreme Court established its role, US expanded territory.
Party Debates: Federalists (loose constructionists - spirit of Constitution) vs. Democratic-Republicans (strict constructionists - letter of Constitution).
Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson): Jefferson (strict constructionist) purchased land despite Constitution not explicitly granting this power. Commissioned Corps of Discovery (Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike) to explore. Led to future conflicts with Native Americans.
Supreme Court's Role: Grew in power under Chief Justice John Marshall.
Marbury v. Madison: Established judicial review (Supreme Court is final interpreter of Constitution).
Big Idea 2 (of 9): Federal power growth led to regional conflicts.
War of 1812: Causes: British impressment violating American national honor. Opposition from New England Federalists (Hartford Convention - considered secession, led to Federalist decline). Popular war overall.
Henry Clay's American System: Aimed to unify economy (federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, Second Bank of the US). Regional opposition from the South (Madison vetoed some provisions as they disadvantaged the South).
Westward Expansion and Sectionalism: Missouri applies for statehood.
Tallmadge Amendment: Proposed Missouri enter as free state, threatening balance in Senate between free/slave states.
Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820 - Henry Clay): Missouri enters as slave state, Maine as free state. 36°30' line established: above free (except Missouri), below slave. Temporarily cooled tensions.
Big Idea 3 (of 9): US establishes itself on world stage by claiming territory and consolidating control in the Western Hemisphere.
Territorial Claims: US-Canadian border (49th parallel), joint occupation of Oregon, Adams-Onís Treaty (Spain cedes Florida).
Monroe Doctrine: US sphere of influence in Western Hemisphere. European powers should not meddle.
Big Idea 4 (of 9): Market Revolution linked northern industry with western/southern farms, leading to economic advances.
Growth of industry in the North (textile mills, factory system).
Innovations (e.g., cotton gin, interchangeable parts - not explicitly mentioned but implied by "economic advances").
Improved transportation (canals, railroads - not explicitly mentioned but implied).
Social Changes due to Market Revolution: Rise of the middle class (especially in the North - white collar workers), cult of domesticity (separate spheres for men and women: women in the home, men in work).
Big Idea 5 (of 9): Expanding democracy manifested in universal white male suffrage and political party influence.
Panic of 1819: Economic depression due to irresponsible banking. Hit laboring men hard. Lack of voting rights motivated push for suffrage.
Universal white male suffrage established by 1825 in most eastern states.
Growth and Realignment of Political Parties: Election of 1824 marked split in Democratic-Republicans.
National Republicans (later Whigs): Loose constructionists (Federalist 2.0).
Democrats: Strict constructionists (Jeffersonian line).
Big Idea 6 (of 9): President Andrew Jackson used federal power on national bank, tariffs, internal improvements, and Native American removal.
Whigs (Henry Clay) vs. Democrats (Andrew Jackson): Political conflicts.
Tariff of Abominations: Raised tariffs significantly. Loved by Northern industry (protective tariff), hated by Southern agriculture (relied on imports).
Nullification Crisis (John C. Calhoun): South Carolina threatens to nullify tariff. Jackson responds with Force Bill (federal authority to use troops to enforce law). Illustration of party/regional fracture over federal power.
Bank War: Jackson vetoes recharter of Second Bank of the US, believing it favored the wealthy.
Indian Removal Act: Despite Supreme Court ruling against it (Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Worcester v. Georgia - not explicitly named), Jackson enforces removal of Native Americans (Trail of Tears - not explicitly named). Massive expansion of executive power.
Big Idea 7 (of 10): Americans defined identity through language, philosophy, art, religion.
Transcendentalism: Influenced by European Romanticism, human perfectability. Transcendent power/beauty of nature, mystery, human passion. Key figures: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.
Art: Hudson River School (romanticized landscapes).
Religion: Second Great Awakening. Emphasized moral reformation of society (different from First Great Awakening's focus on personal). Key figure: Charles Finney (urban revivals). Helped nationalize American identity.
Big Idea 8 (of 9): Democratic/individualistic beliefs and market revolution changes led to reform efforts.
Temperance Movement: American Temperance Society (advocated for complete abstinence from alcohol).
Abolitionism: Spread rapidly, arguments against slavery. William Lloyd Garrison (editor of The Liberator), American Anti-Slavery Society. Convinced many Northerners (not all). Emancipation in the North (some restrictions on African American rights remained).
Abolition in the South: Primarily led by enslaved black Southerners. Nat Turner's Rebellion (slave revolt, led to increased fear and clampdown by white plantation owners). Enslaved people maintained culture, protected families, resisted.
Women's Movement: Seneca Falls Convention (1848). Declaration of Sentiments outlined demands for women's equality (education, legal rights, voting).
Big Idea 9 (of 9): Most Southern white people didn't own slaves, but Southern culture ensured slavery was protected.
Yeoman Farmers: Independent landowners, not wealthy, owned no slaves. Still believed in slavery and racial hierarchy.
Southern Economy/Culture: Defined by agriculture, especially cotton. Cotton depleted soil, leading farmers to move west for arable land. Consequences in next unit.

Unit 5: 1844-1877 (Begins in this section, but full coverage is later)

Only briefly introduced with timeframe (1844-1877) and the first big idea is not reached in the provided excerpt.

Quiz

Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.

According to the source, what symbolic dates frame Unit 1 and what do they represent?
What was the primary goal of the Jamestown colony, and what product made it profitable?
How did the population makeup of the New England colonies differ from the Chesapeake colonies?
Explain the concept of mercantilism as described in the source.
What was British impressment and how did colonists view it by the end of Unit 2?
What was a major consequence of the French and Indian War for Britain and the colonies?
What key case established the principle of judicial review for the Supreme Court?
Briefly explain the difference between strict and loose constructionism as political parties debated.
What was the primary goal of Henry Clay's American System?
What was the main focus of the Second Great Awakening according to the source?

Essay Questions (Do Not Answer)

Analyze the ways in which geographic and environmental factors shaped the diversity of Native American societies before European contact, and how European arrival altered these societies.
Compare and contrast the economic, social, and political characteristics of two different regions of the British colonies in North America between 1607 and 1754, and explain how these differences contributed to distinct identities.
Evaluate the extent to which the French and Indian War served as a turning point in the relationship between Great Britain and its North American colonies.
Analyze the major debates surrounding the creation and ratification of the United States Constitution, and explain how these debates reflected competing visions for the new nation.
Explain how the Market Revolution and the Second Great Awakening contributed to the rise of various reform movements in the United States between 1800 and 1848.

Glossary of Key Terms

Jamestown: The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.
Mayflower Compact: Document drafted and signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, organizing their government based on a self-governing model.
House of Burgesses: A representative assembly in Virginia that could levy taxes and pass laws, mainly independent of imperial power.
Transatlantic Trade / Atlantic Economy / Triangular Trade: A global trade system connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of goods, people (including enslaved Africans), and raw materials.
Mercantilism: The dominant economic system of European states during the colonial period, relying on colonies to provide raw materials to the parent country.
British Impressment: The practice of seizing colonial men against their will to force them to serve in the Royal Navy.
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: Figure in the debate over Native American treatment who argued they were less than human and benefited from harsh labor.
Bartolomé de las Casas: Figure in the debate over Native American treatment who argued for their dignity as human beings.
French and Indian War / Seven Years' War: A conflict fought in North America (and globally) between Britain and France, resulting in a British victory and significant territorial changes.
Taxation Without Representation: The colonial grievance that they were being taxed by the British Parliament without having elected representatives in that body.
Articles of Confederation: The first government established by the newly independent United States, characterized by a weak central government and strong state power.
Federalists: Supporters of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, advocating for a strong central government.
Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, fearing a strong central government and advocating for a Bill of Rights.
Democratic-Republicans: A political party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, favoring a weaker federal government and strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Strict Constructionism: An interpretation of the Constitution that holds the federal government only has the powers explicitly listed in the document.
Loose Constructionism: An interpretation of the Constitution that holds the federal government has implied powers beyond those explicitly listed, based on the "spirit" of the document.
Hamilton's Financial Plan: Proposals by Alexander Hamilton, including the creation of a national bank, protective tariffs, and the federal assumption of state debts.
XYZ Affair: A diplomatic incident in which French officials demanded bribes from American diplomats, leading to outrage in the U.S.
Alien and Sedition Acts: Laws passed during the Adams administration that made it easier to deport non-citizens and illegal to criticize the government publicly.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: State resolutions arguing that states have the right to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.
Louisiana Purchase: The acquisition of a vast territory from France by the United States in 1803, significantly expanding the nation's size.
Corps of Discovery: The expedition led by Lewis and Clark (and including Zebulon Pike in the southern part) to explore the Louisiana Purchase territory.
Judicial Review: The power of the Supreme Court to review laws and actions to determine their constitutionality.
Marbury v. Madison: The Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.
War of 1812: A conflict between the United States and Great Britain, partly caused by British impressment of American sailors.
Hartford Convention: A meeting of New England Federalists during the War of 1812 to express opposition to the war and discuss potential secession.
Henry Clay's American System: A plan to unify the American economy through federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a national bank.
Tallmadge Amendment: A proposed amendment to the bill for Missouri statehood that would have required Missouri to enter as a free state.
Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820): A legislative agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and establishing the 36°30' line to regulate slavery in future territories.
Monroe Doctrine: A U.S. foreign policy statement declaring the Western Hemisphere a U.S. sphere of influence and warning European powers against further colonization or intervention.
Market Revolution: A period of economic transformation characterized by the linking of northern industry with western and southern farms, and advances in transportation and technology.
Middle Class: A social class that emerged during the Market Revolution, consisting of white-collar workers like businessmen, doctors, and lawyers.
Cult of Domesticity: The idea that men and women have separate spheres in society, with women's identity centered on home and family and men's on work.
Panic of 1819: An economic depression in the United States, partly caused by irresponsible banking practices.
Whigs: A political party that emerged in opposition to Andrew Jackson, advocating for Henry Clay's American System and often seen as successors to the Federalists.
Democrats: A political party led by Andrew Jackson, generally favoring limited federal government and strict constructionism.
Tariff of Abominations: A high protective tariff passed in 1828 that angered Southern states.
Nullification Crisis: A confrontation between the federal government and South Carolina over the state's attempt to nullify the Tariff of Abominations.
Force Bill: Legislation passed during the Nullification Crisis authorizing the president to use military force to enforce federal laws.
Bank War: Andrew Jackson's conflict with the Second Bank of the United States, culminating in his veto of its recharter.
Indian Removal Act: Legislation passed during the Jackson administration that authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their lands.
Transcendentalism: A philosophical and literary movement emphasizing the transcendent power and beauty of nature, human perfectability, and intuition. Key figures: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.
Hudson River School: A group of American landscape painters who depicted romanticized views of the American wilderness.
Second Great Awakening: A religious revival movement in the early 19th century emphasizing moral reformation of society.
Charles Finney: A prominent preacher during the Second Great Awakening, known for urban revivals.
Temperance Movement: A social reform movement advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption.
American Temperance Society: An organization advocating for complete abstinence from alcohol.
Abolitionism: The movement to end slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison: A prominent abolitionist and editor of the newspaper The Liberator.
American Anti-Slavery Society: A major organization advocating for the abolition of slavery.
Nat Turner's Rebellion: A slave revolt led by Nat Turner in Virginia, which resulted in the deaths of white people and led to harsher restrictions on enslaved people.
Seneca Falls Convention: A convention held in 1848 that is considered a key event in the women's rights movement.
Declaration of Sentiments: A document drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention outlining the demands for women's equality.
Yeoman Farmers: Independent landowners in the South who typically did not own enslaved people, but generally supported the institution of slavery and racial hierarchy.

Answer Key

Unit 1 is framed by 1491 (symbolizing the Americas before European contact) and 1607 (the founding of Jamestown).
The primary goal of Jamestown was extracting wealth. The planting and sale of tobacco ultimately made it profitable.
New England colonies were settled by Puritan family groups seeking religious freedom and economic prosperity, while the Chesapeake was primarily settled by single men looking for work.
Mercantilism was the dominant European economic system relying heavily on colonies to provide raw materials and markets for the parent country.
British impressment was the practice of seizing colonial men to force them into the Royal Navy. By the end of Unit 2, colonists viewed it as a violation of their natural rights.
A major consequence was that Britain incurred significant debt, leading them to impose new taxes and regulations on the American colonies.
The Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review.
Strict constructionists (like Democratic-Republicans) believed the federal government only had powers explicitly listed in the Constitution, while loose constructionists (like Federalists) believed the government had implied powers.
The primary goal of Henry Clay's American System was to unify the American economy through internal improvements, tariffs, and a national bank.
The Second Great Awakening primarily focused on the moral reformation of society.