108 exam 3

carbohydrate ending

\-ose

chirality

describing how molecules are connected

A chiral

requires four groups (different) around the carbon

L sugar

alcohol group on left side

D sugar

alcohol group on right side

aldehyde + alcohol=

hemiacetal

five common monosaccharides

1. fructose
2. galactose
3. glucose
4. ribose
5. deoxyribose

Negative Delta G=

exergonic (energy is released)

Positive Delta G=

endergonic (energy is made)

catabolism

breaking down molecules into smaller parts

ex. digestion

anabolism

build up of molecules

oxidation

gain of C-O bond and loss of C-H bond

Reduction

Gain of C-H bond loss of O-H bond

Co-enzyme chart

…

what three monosaccharides are naturally absorbed by the body

1. fructose
2. glucose
3. galactose

where does fructose originate

plants

where does glucose originate

plants

where does galactose originate

lactose

where does ribose originate

backbone of RNA

where does deoxyribose originate

backbone of DNA

hemiacetal + alcohol =

acetal

Hemiacetal

OH

|

C-OR

disaccharides

two monosaccharides combined

Maltose consists of

Glucose + glucose

lactose consists of

galactose + glucose

sucrose consist of

fructose + glucose

cellulose structure

horizontal lines

starch (amylose) structure

squiggly horizontal

starch (amylopectin)

branches

glycogen structure

branched in circular formation

metabolism

process of energy created from breakdown of food

coenzymes are responsible for

making a reaction occur

products of citric acid cycle

* reduced coenzymes
* GTP
* GDP

Why is the intermembrane space acidic

abundance of H+

Mitochondrial matrix (dummy terms)

1. reduced coenzymes enter electron transport chain (mitochondrial matrix)
2. H+ is removed and passed into intermembrane
3. remaining electrons post removal become water
4. H+ is captured (step 2) and stored in ADP/ATP

coenzymes are made from

oxidation and reduction

GTP/GDP is made from

phosiphication or isomerfication

what is the function of H+ in ATP synthesis?

H+ becomes ATP

glycolysis

conversion of glucose to pyruvate

gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose from amino acids, pyruvate, and other noncarbohydrates

glycogenesis

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

pentose phosphate pathway

conversion of glucose to five carbon sugar phosphate

what happens when there is more glucose in the body than needed?

body will create glycogen

Carbohydrate digestion

\*carbohydrates are eaten- Mouth/saliva

\*polysaccharides, sucrose, lactose, and maltose

\-stomach

\-small intestine

\*monosaccharides created

\*monosaccharides enter blood stream- absorbed through lining

1 molecule of NADH= ____ ATP

3

1 molecule of FADH2= ____ ATP

2

Body’s reaction to starvation

1. breaks down glycogen (stored glucose) to glucose through glucagon


1. if starvation continues…
2. amino acids from proteins


1. if starvation continues…


1. switches to lipids

glucagon

hormone to make glycogen to glucose

Step 1

ATP-ADP (-2 ATP)

step 5

two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate’s are made

step 6

reduced coenzymes are formed from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (+2NADH)

step 7

ADP-ATP (+2ATP)

step 9

H2O is removed

step 10

ADP-ATP (+2ATP) resulting in +2 pyruvate

importance of steps 6-10

two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate therefore two products are made in each step

\
Ending with- 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate

\*\*\*\* all for one molecule of glucose broken down!!!

glucagon in diabetes

Raises blood sugar

makes glycogenolysis happen: break down glycogen

insulin in diabetes

lowers blood sugar

helps glucose enter cells, also helps with glycolysis

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar due to too much insulin

hyperglucemia

high blood sugar due to low insulin

(important symptoms to be aware of: frequent urination, weight loss, and thirst)

type 1 diabetes

no insulin produced

type 2 diabetes

insulin resistant

classification of lipids: Wazes

ester- eaten by humans

classification of lipids: triacylglycerols

3 chain carbon with 3 fatty acids attached- eaten by humans

classification of lipids: glycerophospholipids

fatty acid is replaced with phosphate group- eaten by humans

three main functions of lipids

1. storage of energy
2. cell structure
3. chemical messanger

saturated solid or liquid

solid

unsaturated solid or liquid

liquid

saturated lipid

no double bond, as many H as possible

Shape: horizontal line

unsaturated lipid

double bond

shape: horizontal Curve

why do saturated lipids have a higher melting point

their structure (horizontal line) is able to compact molecules together created a higher intermolecular force

hydrogenation of lipids

process of converting oil to saturated lipid

Structurally- double bond is removed

\*Not possible to perform cis/trans

lipid

fat

saponidication

\*\*outside of body

base catalyzed + fatty acid= soap

three types of steroids

1. cholesterol (structure to cell)
2. bile acids (digest lipid)
3. hormones

lipid bilayer explained

Water loving (polar) \*hydrolyzed

\--------------------------------

water disliking (non-polar) \*hydrophobic

\--------------------------------

Water loving (polar) \*hydrolyzed

why are lipids good for pharmaceuticals

water soluble drugs make it easy to transport within body

Eicosanoids

short lived chemical messengers

Eicosanoids- leukotriene shape

fish hook

Eicosanoids- prostaglandin shape

Half ovulated circle with ring structure

lipoprotein is labeled by

density

ex.

serum albumin= low (stored in liver)

very low density VLD (liver)

low density LDL(cholesterol in liver)

high density HDL (cholesterol in dead cells)

* excludes chylomicrons (lipids in diet)

LDL good or bad

bad

HDL good or bad

good

three processes when fatty acids enter cell

1. activate
2. transport
3. oxidize

bioxidation

break down of carbon chain by 2 carbons at a time

2 carbons= 1 ____

Acetyl-COA

Beta oxidation (dummy version)

1. double bond added
2. water added to double bond to yield alcohol
3. alcohol is oxidized into a ketone
4. c-c is broken down to shorten fatty acid chain