carbohydrate ending
-ose
chirality
describing how molecules are connected
A chiral
requires four groups (different) around the carbon
L sugar
alcohol group on left side
D sugar
alcohol group on right side
aldehyde + alcohol=
hemiacetal
five common monosaccharides
fructose
galactose
glucose
ribose
deoxyribose
Negative Delta G=
exergonic (energy is released)
Positive Delta G=
endergonic (energy is made)
catabolism
breaking down molecules into smaller parts
ex. digestion
anabolism
build up of molecules
oxidation
gain of C-O bond and loss of C-H bond
Reduction
Gain of C-H bond loss of O-H bond
Co-enzyme chart
…
what three monosaccharides are naturally absorbed by the body
fructose
glucose
galactose
where does fructose originate
plants
where does glucose originate
plants
where does galactose originate
lactose
where does ribose originate
backbone of RNA
where does deoxyribose originate
backbone of DNA
hemiacetal + alcohol =
acetal
Hemiacetal
OH
|
C-OR
disaccharides
two monosaccharides combined
Maltose consists of
Glucose + glucose
lactose consists of
galactose + glucose
sucrose consist of
fructose + glucose
cellulose structure
horizontal lines
starch (amylose) structure
squiggly horizontal
starch (amylopectin)
branches
glycogen structure
branched in circular formation
metabolism
process of energy created from breakdown of food
coenzymes are responsible for
making a reaction occur
products of citric acid cycle
reduced coenzymes
GTP
GDP
Why is the intermembrane space acidic
abundance of H+
Mitochondrial matrix (dummy terms)
reduced coenzymes enter electron transport chain (mitochondrial matrix)
H+ is removed and passed into intermembrane
remaining electrons post removal become water
H+ is captured (step 2) and stored in ADP/ATP
coenzymes are made from
oxidation and reduction
GTP/GDP is made from
phosiphication or isomerfication
what is the function of H+ in ATP synthesis?
H+ becomes ATP
glycolysis
conversion of glucose to pyruvate
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from amino acids, pyruvate, and other noncarbohydrates
glycogenesis
synthesis of glycogen from glucose
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
pentose phosphate pathway
conversion of glucose to five carbon sugar phosphate
what happens when there is more glucose in the body than needed?
body will create glycogen
Carbohydrate digestion
*carbohydrates are eaten- Mouth/saliva
*polysaccharides, sucrose, lactose, and maltose
-stomach
-small intestine
*monosaccharides created
*monosaccharides enter blood stream- absorbed through lining
1 molecule of NADH= ____ ATP
3
1 molecule of FADH2= ____ ATP
2
Body’s reaction to starvation
breaks down glycogen (stored glucose) to glucose through glucagon
if starvation continues…
amino acids from proteins
if starvation continues…
switches to lipids
glucagon
hormone to make glycogen to glucose
Step 1
ATP-ADP (-2 ATP)
step 5
two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate’s are made
step 6
reduced coenzymes are formed from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (+2NADH)
step 7
ADP-ATP (+2ATP)
step 9
H2O is removed
step 10
ADP-ATP (+2ATP) resulting in +2 pyruvate
importance of steps 6-10
two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate therefore two products are made in each step
Ending with- 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate
**** all for one molecule of glucose broken down!!!
glucagon in diabetes
Raises blood sugar
makes glycogenolysis happen: break down glycogen
insulin in diabetes
lowers blood sugar
helps glucose enter cells, also helps with glycolysis
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar due to too much insulin
hyperglucemia
high blood sugar due to low insulin
(important symptoms to be aware of: frequent urination, weight loss, and thirst)
type 1 diabetes
no insulin produced
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistant
classification of lipids: Wazes
ester- eaten by humans
classification of lipids: triacylglycerols
3 chain carbon with 3 fatty acids attached- eaten by humans
classification of lipids: glycerophospholipids
fatty acid is replaced with phosphate group- eaten by humans
three main functions of lipids
storage of energy
cell structure
chemical messanger
saturated solid or liquid
solid
unsaturated solid or liquid
liquid
saturated lipid
no double bond, as many H as possible
Shape: horizontal line
unsaturated lipid
double bond
shape: horizontal Curve
why do saturated lipids have a higher melting point
their structure (horizontal line) is able to compact molecules together created a higher intermolecular force
hydrogenation of lipids
process of converting oil to saturated lipid
Structurally- double bond is removed
*Not possible to perform cis/trans
lipid
fat
saponidication
**outside of body
base catalyzed + fatty acid= soap
three types of steroids
cholesterol (structure to cell)
bile acids (digest lipid)
hormones
lipid bilayer explained
Water loving (polar) *hydrolyzed
--------------------------------
water disliking (non-polar) *hydrophobic
--------------------------------
Water loving (polar) *hydrolyzed
why are lipids good for pharmaceuticals
water soluble drugs make it easy to transport within body
Eicosanoids
short lived chemical messengers
Eicosanoids- leukotriene shape
fish hook
Eicosanoids- prostaglandin shape
Half ovulated circle with ring structure
lipoprotein is labeled by
density
ex.
serum albumin= low (stored in liver)
very low density VLD (liver)
low density LDL(cholesterol in liver)
high density HDL (cholesterol in dead cells)
excludes chylomicrons (lipids in diet)
LDL good or bad
bad
HDL good or bad
good
three processes when fatty acids enter cell
activate
transport
oxidize
bioxidation
break down of carbon chain by 2 carbons at a time
2 carbons= 1 ____
Acetyl-COA
Beta oxidation (dummy version)
double bond added
water added to double bond to yield alcohol
alcohol is oxidized into a ketone
c-c is broken down to shorten fatty acid chain