history 2

Urbanization

The rapid growth of cities as people moved from rural areas for jobs.

Settlement Houses

– Community centers that helped immigrants and the poor with education and social services.

Social Gospel Movement

– A religious movement that taught Christians to help solve social problems like poverty and inequality.

Americanization Movement

Effort to teach immigrants English and U.S. culture to help them blend into society.

Upton Sinclair

A muckraking author who exposed the dirty conditions of the meatpacking industry in The Jungle.

Progressive

A reform movement that aimed to fix problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption.

Social Darwinism

The idea that only the strongest people or businesses survive, often used to justify inequality.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption, unfair practices, and social problems to inspire reform

what were living conditions like because of urbanization

overcrowded, dirty, and unsafe living conditions in cities with poor sanitation and little clean water.

Meat Inspection Act

Law that required federal inspection of meatpacking plants to ensure clean and safe conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Law that banned mislabeled or harmful food and drugs, leading to safer consumer products.

Conservation

The protection and wise use of natural resources like forests, water, and land.

what were working conditions like due to urbanization

harsh, with long hours, low pay, unsafe factories, and little protection for workers.

living conditions due to urbanization 

overcrowded, unsanitary, and unsafe, especially in tenements with poor ventilation and little clean water.

what reforms were put into place to deal with urbanizatiuon

included building safety laws, sanitation systems, housing regulations, and the creation of settlement houses to help the poor and immigrants.

what events helped chnage working conditions

Events like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and labor strikes led to new safety laws, shorter work hours, and better working conditions.

how did child labor reform during the turn of the cenrty

minimum working ages, limited hours, and required school attendance to protect children from harsh factory work.

how was food regualted an d why didi it need rgualtion

 laws like the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act, which were needed because unsafe and contaminated food was being sold to the public.

what impact did social darwinism have on the united states and thier quest to build an empire

encouraged the belief that stronger nations had the right to control weaker ones, which justified the United States expanding its power and building an empire. It contributed to imperialist attitudes, leading to military interventions and territorial acquisitions.

E in empire

: desire for new markets, raw materials, and trade.These economic motivations fueled imperial expansion and competition among nations.

M in EMPIRE

: need for naval bases and global power.The military component reflected the United States' desire for strategic naval bases, global dominance, and the ability to project military power internationally.

P in EMPIRE

: competition for national pride and influence.

I in EMPIRE

: belief in cultural or racial superiority.This ideological motivation drove nations to justify colonization and the spread of their values, often viewing themselves as bearers of civilization.

R in emipre 

: desire to spread Christianity and Western values.

E in EMPIRE 

• : urge to explore new lands and discover resources.

What did the Monroe Doctrine say about what the U.S.’s foreign policy would be?

stated that the U.S. would oppose European colonization or interference in the Americas and would consider any such action a threat, while staying out of European conflicts.

Sanford B. Dole

Leader of the group that overthrew Hawaii’s monarchy and became the first president of the Republic of Hawaii.

Imperialism

A policy where stronger nations take control of weaker countries for economic, political, or military gain.

Expansionism

The practice of extending a nation’s territory or influence.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last monarch of Hawaii who was overthrown by American businessmen.

King Kalakaua

Hawaiian king forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution, limiting his power.

Bayonet Constitution

A 1887 law that reduced the Hawaiian king’s authority and increased the power of American and European residents.It was imposed under duress, leading to significant political changes in Hawaii.

John Hay

U.S. Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy with China.He was instrumental in negotiating the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal.

Open Door Notes (Policy)

A U.S. plan to allow all nations to trade equally with China.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 uprising in China against foreign influence and missionaries.It aimed to expel foreign powers and was led by the "Boxers," a secret society opposed to Western colonialism.

Emilio Aguinaldo

– Filipino revolutionary leader who fought against Spanish and later American control.He played a key role in the Philippine Revolution, declaring independence from Spain in 1898.

Foraker Act

aw establishing a civilian government in Puerto Rico under U.S. control. 1900 created a civil government in Puerto Rico, allowing for local self-governance while maintaining U.S. authority over the territory.

Panama Canal

A man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific, built with U.S. support for faster trade and military movement.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.Specifically, it justified U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American nations to prevent European influence and protect American interests.

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerated or sensational news reporting used to influence public opinion.

U.S.S. Maine

U.S. battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor, helping spark the Spanish-American War.

Spanish-American War

1898 war between the U.S. and Spain, leading to U.S. control of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Rough Riders

Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt that fought in the Spanish-American War, famous for the Battle of San Juan Hill.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Agreement that ended the Spanish-American War, giving the U.S. control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

How did the United States acquire Hawaii as a territory and eventually a state?

American businessmen and settlers overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893, established the Republic of Hawaii led by Sanford B. Dole, and then the U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898, making it a territory; it later became a state in 1959.

What were the United States’ motivations for taking up the mantle of Imperialism?

The U.S. wanted new markets for trade, natural resources, military strength, and national prestige.Expansion of influence abroad, economic growth, competition with other powers.

How did the US acquire Alaska?

The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million, often called “Seward’s Folly.”This acquisition was motivated by the desire for expansion and access to natural resources, later proving to be strategically beneficial.

What were the reasons for the United States declaring war on Spain?

The U.S. was motivated by the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, Spanish mistreatment of Cubans, and public pressure fueled by yellow journalism.These factors combined to create a strong desire for intervention and the promotion of Cuban independence.

. What advantages did the United States have in the Spanish-American War?

The U.S. had a stronger navy, better industrial resources, and widespread public support.

What convinced Americans to go to war with the Spanish?

The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine and sensationalized reporting by yellow journalism stirred public outrage. The call for Cuban independence and the desire to expand U.S. influence also contributed to the push for war.

How did the United States deal with Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?

The U.S. controlled Puerto Rico and the Philippines, set up a temporary government in Cuba, and exerted political and economic influence over them.These territories became key strategic locations for the U.S., influencing their governance and policies.

Why did many Americans believe that colonies were necessary in order for the economy?

They believed colonies provided new markets, raw materials, and trade opportunities to grow the economy.Colonies were seen as essential for economic expansion, ensuring access to resources and markets for American industries.

Why were some major American figures against Imperialism?

They argued it violated democratic principles, exploited other peoples, and could entangle the U.S. in foreign conflicts.Additionally, they believed that imperialism contradicted the nation's founding ideals of self-determination and liberty.

Why did the US acquire Guam?

The U.S. took from Spain in 1898 to serve as a strategic naval and coaling station in the Pacific.This acquisition allowed the U.S. to project military power and protect its interests in Asia and the Pacific.

Why did the U.S. want to build the Panama Canal?

To connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, making trade and naval movement faster and more efficient.The U.S. aimed to facilitate maritime trade, enhance military mobility, and assert its influence in Central America through the construction of the Panama Canal.

What does “walk softly and carry a big stick” mean?

It means use diplomacy first, but be prepared to use military power if necessary.This phrase reflects Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy approach, emphasizing deference in negotiations while maintaining a strong military readiness to enforce the United States' interests.

What did the Roosevelt Corollary add that changed U.S. foreign policy?

It stated that the U.S. could intervene in Latin American countries to maintain stability and order, extending the Monroe Doctrine.