INTRO TO COUNSELING MIDTERMS

C. Rogers (1961):

• Counseling A helping relationship in which at least one party aims to promote:

  • Growth

  • Development

  • Maturity

  • Improved functioning

  • Improved coping with life

GDM IFC

• Growth

• Development

• Maturity

• Improved functioning

• Improved coping with life

Counseling is a helping relationship in which at least one party aims to promote: ___

Counseling - American Counseling Association (1997):

• The application of:

  • Mental health

  • Psychological

  • Human development principles

• Through:

  • Cognitive

  • Affective

  • Behavioral

  • Systemic interventiont

• Addressing:

  • Wellness

  • Personal growth

  • Career development

  • Pathology
    

Counselor Engagement

The counselor establishes rapport with the client.

Strategy Application

Techniques and strategies are applied to address the client’s concerns.

Client Progress

The client begins to show signs of improvement.

Counseling

• A helping relationship where one party aims to promote the growth, development, maturity, improved functioning, and coping of the other. (C. Rogers, 1961)

• The application of mental health, psychological, or human development principles through cognitive, affective, behavioral, or systemic interventions to address wellness, personal growth, career development, or pathology. (American Counseling Association, 1997)

• Counselor Engagement – Establishing rapport with the client

• Strategy Application – Using various techniques to address client concerns

• Client Progress – Observing improvements in the client

Counseling Process Funnel

Counseling

• Helping a client make their own decision by providing unbiased information and asking questions about their wants and capabilities.

• A confidential dialogue between a medical provider and a client to define feelings and cope with stress. Training is usually required to be a good counselor.

Counselee's Needs & Counselor's Expertise

• Interactive process

• The art of counseling

CDBR

• Enhancing Coping Skills

• Promoting Decision-Making

• Facilitating Behavior Change

• Improving Relationships

Key Objectives of Counseling

Enhancing Coping Skills

Strengthening resilience and adaptability

Promoting Decision-Making

Supporting informed and confident choices

Facilitating Behavior Change

Encouraging positive lifestyle adjustments

Improving Relationships

Fostering better interpersonal connections

Counseling

is the act of helping a client make their own decisions.

• Providing unbiased information.

• Asking questions about the client’s wants and capabilities.

counseling involves what?

• Define their feelings.

• Cope with stress.

counseling Helps the client what?:

IPTC

• Individual acceptance:

• Permissive relationship:

• Thinking with, not for the client:

• Client-centered decision-making:

FAEC

• Focus on client difficulties:

• A learning situation:

• Effectiveness depends on:

  • The client’s readiness to change.

  • A strong therapeutic relationship with the counselor.

• Confidentiality is essential in the counseling relationship.

Basic Principles of Counseling

Individual acceptance:

Each client is accepted as a unique person, even if the counselor does not approve of all their behaviors.

Permissive relationship:

Clients are free to speak without fear of judgment or reprimand.

Thinking with, not for the client:

Counselors guide, but do not decide for the client.

Client-centered decision-making:

All decisions are made by the client.

Focus on client difficulties

The counseling process centers on what the client is experiencing.

A learning situation:

Counseling leads to behavioral change through reflection and insight

Confidentiality

___ is essential in the counseling relationship.

• Empowerment

• Symptom Reduction

• Improved Relationships

• Self-Understanding

• Coping Skills

Benefits of Counseling

Empowerment

Provides guidance to achieve meaningful goals.

Symptom Reduction

Linked to decreased mental health symptoms.

Improved Relationships

Encourages better communication and empathy.

Self-Understanding

Enhances self-awareness and personal growth.

Coping Skills

Helps develop practical strategies for resilience.

Counseling

Deals with conscious mental states

Psychotherapy

Explores unconscious processes

Counseling

• Developmental in nature

• Fosters coping skills to support personal growth and problem prevention

Psychotherapy

• Remediative

• Aims to help clients overcome existing problems (e.g., anxiety, depression)
  

Counseling

Focuses on everyday life issues, such as relationship problems

Psychotherapy

• Handles more complex psychological issues

• Uses formal diagnostic procedures to identify mental disorders

Counseling

Aims for the resolution of immediate concerns

Psychotherapy

• Addresses short-term and long-term goals

• Includes overcoming mental disorders

Counseling

Uses preventive methods and counseling strategies

Psychotherapy

Involves both conscious and unconscious treatment approaches

Counseling

Uses preventive methods and counseling strategies

Psychotherapy

Involves both conscious and unconscious treatment approaches

Counseling

Conducted in schools, churches, and mental health clinics

Psychotherapy

Takes place in private practice, mental health centers, and hospitals

Guidance

• A process of helping people make important life choices.

• Commonly associated with career decision-making.

• Focuses on helping individuals choose what they value.

• Example: A guidance counselor assisting a student in an International School.

• Emphasizes decision-making and making choices.

Counseling

• Theory-based process.

• Involves working with:

  • Individuals who are functioning well.Individuals with serious problems.

• Focuses on:
  Intra- and interpersonal concerns.
  Meaning-making and adjustment in various settings (e.g., school, home).
  

• The counselor is an expert in the helping process.

• The client is an expert on their own life

A collaborative relationship:

Typically short-term:

Around 8–12 sessions.

Counseling how many sessions?

• Prevention

• Growth

• Remediation

• Across all stages of development.

counseling adresses what?

• Enhancing Coping Skills

• Promoting Decision-Making

• Facilitating Behavior Change

• Improving Relationships

Key Objectives of Counseling

Enhancing Coping Skills

Strengthening resilience and adaptability

Promoting Decision-Making

Supporting informed and confident choices

Facilitating Behavior Change

Encouraging positive lifestyle adjustments

Improving Relationships

Fostering better interpersonal connections

• Enhancing Coping Skills

• Promoting Decision-Making

• Facilitating Behavior Change

• Improving Relationships

Key Objectives of Counseling

• Counseling Process

• Technical Information

• Communication Skills
  

Tools for Effective Counseling

Counseling Process

Understanding the stages from initiation to closure

Technical Information

Knowledge of counseling tools and techniques

Communication Skills

Effective use of verbal and non-verbal interaction

• Self-Reflection

• Understanding Emotions

• Coping Strategies

• Adjustment

SU CA

Counselor's Task

Self-Reflection

• Encouraging clients to reflect on thoughts and feelings

Understanding Emotions

Helping individuals identify and comprehend emotions

Coping Strategies

Developing new strategies to manage challenges

Adjustment

Assisting individuals in adjusting behaviors and responses to situations

• Beginning: Building rapport and setting goals

• Middle: Exploration and intervention

• End: Closure and evaluation

3 stages of counseling

1. Relationship Building

2. Assessment & Diagnosis

3. Goal Formulation

4. Intervention & Problem Solving

5. Termination & Follow-Up

6. Research & Evaluation

RAG ITR

Progression Through Counseling Stages

Relationship Building

Establishing trust and rapport with the client.

Assessment & Diagnosis

Evaluating the client’s concerns to understand their needs and challenges.

Goal Formulation

• Setting specific, measurable, and achievable counseling objectives.

Intervention & Problem Solving

Implementing strategies to address the client’s issues effectively.

Termination & Follow-Up

Concluding the counseling process and planning for ongoing support if needed.

Research & Evaluation

Analyzing outcomes to assess the effectiveness of the counseling process.

• Avoid being the problem solver; instead, guide clients to discover their own solutions.

• Trust your intuition during sessions.

• Provide a sense of direction for the client’s growth.

• Support and protect the client’s feelings; allow them to move at their own pace.

• Maintain a sense of humor to build rapport and ease tension.
  

• Use self-disclosure appropriately to show genuine connection and willingness to share

• Be open-minded and nonjudgmental.

• Believe that clients are doing the best they can with what they know and have.

• Establish mutual agreement on therapy goals and expectations with the client.

• Ask for client feedback to enhance the counseling relationship and process.

ART

A flexible, creative process where the counselor adapts their approach to meet the unique and emerging needs of the client.

Scientist-Practitioner Model

Definition:
An approach where counselors use research to inform practice and contribute to new research.

Explanation:
Combines evidence-based methods with research to improve counseling.

Example:
A counselor using and studying the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety.

The Art of Counseling

• A counselor's genuineness and aliveness can impact and connect with clients.

• If counselors:

  • Make life-oriented choices,

  • Radiate a zest for life,

  • Be real in their relationship with clients,

  • They can inspire clients to develop internal resources.

A: It strengthens the bond and helps clients feel understood.

Q: How can a counselor’s genuineness and aliveness impact their connection with clients?

A: Life-oriented choices, zest for life, and authenticity.

Q: What qualities can counselors possess to inspire clients to develop internal resources?

Multicultural Counseling

• Become aware of your own biases and values.

• Attempt to understand the world from the client’s vantage point.

• Gain knowledge about the dynamics of oppression, racism, discrimination, and stereotyping.

• Study the client’s historical background, traditions, and values.

• Be open to learning from your client’s experiences and perspective.

A: Counselors should be aware of their own biases and values.

Q: What is important for counselors to be aware of in multicultural counseling?

A: By attempting to see the world from the client’s perspective.

Q: How can counselors better understand their clients in multicultural counseling?

A: Counselors should study the client’s historical background, traditions, and values.

Q: What should counselors learn about their clients in multicultural counseling?

A: Talking as a treatment for emotional problems.

Q: What was the most basic form of counseling in the 19th century?

A: As teachers and social advocates.

Q: How did early counseling professionals identify themselves?

A: Child welfare, education, employment guidance, and legal reform.

Q: What areas did early counseling professionals focus on?

A: Psychoanalysis as a therapy for internal emotional conflicts.

Q: What did Sigmund Freud develop in 1896?

A: The unconscious mind and repressed memories and emotions.

Q: What does psychoanalysis focus on?

A: By using interpretations to bring repressed memories to the forefront.

Q: How does psychoanalysis treat mental illness?

Frank Parsons

• Regarded as the father of the vocational guidance movement.

• Founded Boston’s Vocational Bureau in 1908, a major step in institutionalizing guidance.

Jesse B. Davis

• Created the first systematized guidance programs in public schools.

• Paved the way for school guidance counseling.

Clifford Beers

• His battle with mental illness and depression led to the exposure of poor conditions in mental institutions.

• Wrote the book A Mind That Found Itself in 1908.

A: Founded in 1913, it was the precursor to the American Counseling Association.

Q: What was the NVGA (National Vocational Guidance Association) and when was it founded?

A: Passed in 1917, it funded vocational education in public schools.

Q: What did the Smith-Hughes Act do?

A: Army psychological screening devices were introduced to civilians, raising awareness of psychometrics.

Q: How did post-WWI affect psychological testing?

A: Abraham and Hannah Stone in 1929.

Q: Who established the first marriage and family counseling center, and when?

A: It changed counseling methods related to employment.

Q: How did the Great Depression affect counseling?

A: A counselor-centered approach for working with students and the unemployed, developed by E.G. Williamson.

Q: What is trait-factor counseling, and who developed it?