BIO CHAPTER 2 - The plasma membrane

Lyse

to cause a cell plasma membrane to burst or break

Transmembrane Protein

A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety (both layers) of the cell membrane.

Turgid

Cells that are turgid are swollen and hard because of liquid in the cell. (plant cells)

Tonicity

Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane.

Solvent

A solvent is substance (molecule) with the ability to dissolve other substances (solutes) to form a solution.

Solute

A solute is a substance that can be dissolved into a solution by a solvent.

selective permeability

The selective permeability of the cell membrane refers to the ability of the cell membrane to control the flow of substances in and out of the cell.

Secratory products

production and release of a useful substance by a gland or cell; also, the substance produced.

Protein Pump

A protein pump is a type of membrane protein that requires energy to move molecules across the cellular membrane against a concentration gradient

Protein channel

Protein channels are integral membrane proteins that function as gates to allow the passage of specific ions or even molecules and proteins across the cell membrane

Polar

oppositely charged

Phosphate head

The heads, are made of the phosphate group and have a negative charge, making them hydrophilic and thus are able to mix with water.

Peripheral Protein

Peripheral membrane proteins do not cross the membrane, but they can be attached to either side of the membrane or other proteins in the membrane.

Plasmolyzed

When cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. They then shrink at the loss of water.

Pinocytosis

Is a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules.

Phagocytosis

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells.

Passive transport

Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of a solvent (water) across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute

Non-polar

Nonpolar molecules are defined as molecules that do not have any electrical charges or partial charges.

Isotonic

An isotonic solution is defined as two solutions of equal concentrations of solutes and water separated by a semipermeable membrane

Integral Proteins

An integral, membrane protein is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane.

Hypotonic

A lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it.

Hypertonic

A higher concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow into it.

Hydrophilic

water attracting

Hydrophobic

Water repelling

Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are a large and diverse group of proteins to which one or more sugar molecules, known as oligosaccharides, have been attached through covalent bonding. These diverse proteins have a wide range of functions, including roles in immune response activation, cell signaling, and disease processes.

Covalent Bond

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.

Glycolipid

Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrateattached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model means that 1) fluid meaning the membrane is somewhat fluid like and the particles found within the membrane are constantly moving and 2) mosaic because it is constructed with many different components not just phospholipids.

Fatty Acid Tails

Fatty acid tails refer to the long chains of hydrocarbons found at one end of a fatty acid molecule. These tails are nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic (water-repelling).

Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is the process of passive transport of molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

Exocytosis

Exocytosis definition and purposes. Exocytosis is the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid through a vesicle.

Endocytosis

Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

Diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Conformational Change

In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.

Concentration Gradient

A concentration gradient exists when there is a region of high concentration leading to a region of low concentration: going from high to low concentration is going down the concentration gradient. going from low to high concentration is going against the concentration gradient.

Cholesterol (plasma membrane)

Cholesterol is wedged between the phospholipid molecules and maintains the membrane fluidity.

Carrier Protein

A membrane protein that undergoes conformational change to transport molecules across a membrane.

Bulk transport

A type of active transport that uses vesicles to move larger molecules or groups of molecules into or out of the cell. Also known as cytosis.

Amphipatic

A molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. (Eg. a phospholipid)

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and three bonded phosphate groups.

Active Transport

During active transport, substances move against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy.