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3 Causes of Scientific Revolution
Access to the ideas of Greek thinkers such as Archimedes and Plato encouraged new ways of thinking
New instruments made new discoveries possible, and the printing press spread new ideas quickly.
Mathematics played a key role in the scientific achievements of the time.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth (Heliocentric Theory)
Galilei Galileo
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars (was punished by the Catholic Church for his ideas of heliocentric system)
Isaac Newton
Most influential figure of the Revolution, His universal law of gravitation opposed the Church's views, Three laws of motion. (One of his major works was Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, known as Principia)
Renes Descartes
"I think therefore I am" believed that reasoning was the way to discover the truth
Francis Bacon
developed the scientific method
Impacts of Scientific Revolution
Spread of ideas about science, Used the printing press, Paved the way for enlightenment, Questioned church And tradition, Observation And experimentation, Scientists persecuted because scientific ideas, Movement to secular life
The Enlightenment
A period of time where many started to look at life differently. Believed in natural laws
John Locke
Believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property, believed govt. only exists to meet the needs of the people. Two of his works were Two Treatises of Government, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Baron de Montesquieu
Believed in Separation of Powers Each branch will keep the other branch from becoming too powerful. Wrote The Spirit of Laws.
Voltaire
French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment that believed in religious tolerance and freedom of speech.
Jean Jacque Rousseau
French writer, champion of freedom, individual freedom, government came from the people
Adam Smith
Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics
Natural Rights
The rights of all people to dignity and worth; also called human rights. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness
Enlightened Despotism
A belief that absolute rulers should enact reforms for the good of the people.
Catherine The Great
Russian ruler who took steps to reform and modernize Russia
Westernization
policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture in Russia.
French Revolution
1789 Rebellion in which the French people overthrew their monarchy and made the country a republic.
1st, 2nd, and 3rd Estate
1st was the rich, 2nd was the middle class or bourgeoisie, 3rd was the peasants
King Louis XVI
King of France, weak leader, executed during the French Revolution
Marie Antionette
Queen of France, she was unpopular because she had the best dresses and gambled a lot of money away
Tennis Court Oath
famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France
Bastille
Fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789
The Great Fear
This 1789 wave of violence in the countryside directly led to the end of feudalism in France.
March of Women
October 5-6, 1789: A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread
Jacobins
Radical political club during the French Revolution
Maximillien Robespierre
Key radical leader of the Jacobins and the French Revolution
Reign of Terror
The excessively violent period of time during the French Revolution under the rule of Robespierre where many were beheaded on suspicions of disloyalty
Guillotine
A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.
Committee of Public Safety
This small group, led by Robespierre, oversaw the Reign of Terror
The directory
The committee of five set up to run the government after the reign of terror
Coup D'Etat
A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group
Napoleon
Leader of France, Built up the French Empire, Created the Napoleonic Code, Strong Nationalism
Napoleonic Code
A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
Napoleonic Wars
French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon
Fall of Napoleon
Invasion of Russia, defeated at Battle of Waterloo and Leipzig, abdicated, and finally exiled
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's Nation
Nation
a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity
Congress of Vienna
Meetings in Vienna for the purpose of restoring order to Europe
Giuseppe Garibaldi
A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts
Otto Von Bismarck
Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire.
Blood And Iron
Famous speech by Otto Von Bismarck
Russification
the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire
Industrialization
Development of a system which supports machine production of goods
Causes of Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
Growing Population 3.Money to Invest 4.Natural Resources
GB had a market to sell to
Agrarian Revolution
Change in farming methods in the 1600s that improved the quality and quantity of farm products
Natural Resources
Naturally occurring materials, such as oil and fertile land, which can be used by humans
Mass Production
Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
Labor Conditions
During this time the wages were terrible and the jobs were awful. Many children under the age of 10 also worked in the factories.
James Hargreaves
English inventor of the spinning Jenny which made spinning wool much faster.
Edmund Cartwright
English clergyman who invented the power loom which was powered by water
James Watt
Improved the steam engine
The Rocket
A steam locomotive invented by Englishman George Stephenson in 1929 which could reach 30 mph.
Second Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid growth in manufacturing and industry in the late 1800s in the US
Karl Marx
Introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called marxism and wrote the Communist Manifesto
labor Unions
An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions
City Reforms
The improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory in a city.
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
1.Improved transportation systems: Roads, railroads, canals and steam ships 2.Development of iron, steel and chemical manufacturing
Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Pollution
Overpopulation
Causes of Imperialism
Search for natural resources and markets to sell products because of the Industrial Revolution
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. (Racism)
White Man's Burden
The poem that it was white people's "duty" to teach the rest of the world because they were better. Written by Rupyard Kipling
Scramble For Africa
This was an event where European Countries tried to claim African Colonies as quickly as they could
Berlin Conference
Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.
Zulu Nation
Fought the Boers for years.
Cecil Rhodes
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa
Boer War
A war in which the British defeated Dutch Boers in South Africa
Effects Of Imperialism in Africa
effects:
Built Roads
Established school systems
effects:
Food Shortages
War between African Nations
Suez Canal
Human-made waterway connecting the Red and Mediterranean Seas
British East India Company
A British joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism.
Effects Of British rule in India
Effects:
Stability and order
Irrigation systems improve farming
School systems, postal service
New laws meant justice for all classes
Effects
Resources go to G.B
Destroy local industries
Produce cotton instead of food (millions Indians starve)
Indians are treated as inferiors
G.B. replaces Indian culture with western ways
Indian National Congress
Nationalistic organization in India with the purpose of ending British control
Muslim League
Organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule.
Haitian Revolt
The revolt that occurred in Haiti led by Toussaint L'Ouverture against the French
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion
Mexican Revolution
Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform against Spain
Simon Bolivar
In 1810, Simon Bolivar began his struggle for liberation for Venezuela. By 1819, he had led revolts in Venezuela, New Granada (Colombia), and Ecuador.
Jose de San Martin
By 1810 he had liberated Argentina, and had led his troops over the Andes Mountains into Chile
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
Panama Canal
a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)
Instability in Latin America
Recovering from the wars for independence which resulted in a huge loss of people, property and livestock and the economies once again became dependent on Western nations
Mexican Revolution Pt. 2
Great damage to the Mexican economy 2.Universal male suffrage
Land reform
Limits on foreign investmen
Emiliano Zapata Salazar
Was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution
Pancho Villa
Mexican revolutionary leader in northern Mexico after 1910.
Qing Dynasty
the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries
Opium War
A conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China which destroyed the Chinese navy and spurred them to modernize
Treaty of Nanjing
"unequal treaty" to end Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace
Taiping Rebellion
A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire.
Boxer Rebellion
A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese people who wanted to throw the foreigners out
Spheres of Influence
areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly
Sun Yet-Sen
"Father of Chinese Republic" leader of the Nationalist revolution; establishes the Nationalist party
Tokugawa Shogunate
Had ruled Japan for 200 years and kept the country in isolation
Isolationism
A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations
Commodore Matthew Perry
Caused the Japanese emperor to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa and open Japanese ports to trade
Meiji Restoration
The political transformation in Japan that led to their successful modernization in the 1800s.
Sino-Japanese War
war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.
*MAIN*
Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF WWI
Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.
Balkan Peninsula
is a peninsula and a cultural area in Southeast Europe with different and disputed borders