Studied by 64 people
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Period 1 (599 BCE)
No person could be described as the first scientist.
Stone tools
have long been the first recognized technology.
Gatherer
brings food picked up in various places back to a central location for consumption or storage.
Forager
eats the food on site.
Hand axe or biface
the basic tool of the ancestors of humans.
Horse
first carved animal.
Ceramics
are produced by heating natural earth until it changes form.
Simple machines
are devices that do nothing but change the direction, duration, or size of a force.
Single pulley
is the dullest simple machine, changing only direction.
During the Ice Age
mammoth bones were more available than trees in the frozen north of what is now Ukraine.
Megalith
structures made from very large stones.
Native gold
few metals can be found in nature as elements, not compounds.
Period 2
Philosophy, a precursor to science.
Jason and the Argonauts
thought to record the first Greek expedition into the Black Sea.
No known date
earliest history of humanity.
Eclipse of the sun
battle between the Medes and the Lydians.
Pythagoras
was among the early Greek philosophers.
Element
coined by Plato, but the idea existed before him.
Empedocles
believed that all matter was made up of four primary substances, or elements: earth, air, fire, and water.
Atom
the smallest, indivisible entity is one of the oldest ideas of science.
Democritus
the father of atomic theory.
Aristotle
he formed a love of philosophy and logic.
Plato
teacher of Aristotle.
Plato
tutor/teacher of Alexander the great.
Period 3 (530
1452) - Dark Ages.
Period 3
the fall of the Roman Empire.
Black Death
the 14th century caused massive population loss.
India
known in the field of mathematics.
Arabs
popular in health & medicine.
Period 4
Rebirth of knowledge.
Period 4
renewed interest in classical learning and significant advancements across various fields.
Patent law
was imposed to give credit to real inventors.
Period 5
Development of S & T continued; Start of using scientific method in giving reason for the existence of everything.
Isaac Newton
described the relationships between the forces acting on an object and its motion.
France
known for contributions in mathematics, physics, and chemistry.
Netherlands
prominent for advancements in microscopy and early work in biology.
England
a leading center for research in physics, mathematics, and engineering, with notable figures such as Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle.
Robert Boyle
one of the founders of modern chemistry.
Robert Boyle
he is best known for his work in the field of chemistry and his development of Boyle's Law.
Boyle's Law
states that the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
Immanuel Kant
coined to reflect a change in the philosophical approach.
Empiricism
idea that knowledge comes from experience.
Rationalism
view that knowledge comes from reasoning.
Lavoisier
used careful measurement and thoughtful experiments to turn chemistry into a science.
Lavoisier
father of chemistry.
James Watt
invented the steam engine, which was the main source of power.
John Smeaton
first person to call himself a civil engineer.
Carolus Linnaeus
introduced the system of classification of living organisms.
John Dalton
all materials are formed from tiny particles (atoms); he was the father of atomic theory.
Period 7
Science became a profession leading to capitalism.
Hans Christian Orsted and Michael Faraday
revolutionized the understanding of electricity and magnetism.
Germany
became a leading center for scientific research and innovation.
Louis Pasteur
he developed the germ theory of disease, which posited that microorganisms were responsible for many diseases, and created vaccines.
Krakatoa
one of the most violent volcanic events in recorded history.
Charles Babbage
designed and partially built the first mechanical computers.
Difference Engine
designed to automate the process of calculating and printing mathematical tables.
Analytical Engine
store, mill, punch cards, printer.
Programming
it was designed to be programmable using punch cards, a concept Babbage borrowed from the Jacquard loom.
Ada Lovelace
wrote detailed notes on the Analytical Engine, including what is considered the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine.
Charles Darwin
theory of natural selection.
Gregor Mendel
heredity and genetic inheritance, known today as Mendelian genetics.
Thomas Edison
inventor of the phonograph.
Dmitri Mendeleev
created the first version of the periodic table of elements.
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone.
J.J. Thompson
discovered the electron.
Eugene Dubois
brought to Europe his Javanese fossils of what we now call Homo erectus.
Steel and concrete
two important materials for architecture and construction.
Alexander Fleming
uncovered the most powerful agent for killing bacteria in 1928, a mold of the strain Penicillium (penicillin).
Albert Einstein
introduced the theory of relativity, (understanding of space and time).
Quantum Mechanics
understanding atomic and subatomic processes.
Wright Brothers
invention of the airplane.
Wilhelm Roentgen
discovery of Xray.
Alfred Wegener
proposed the Continental Drift Theory.
Yuri Gagarin (Russian)
1st man in space, a cosmonaut.
Valentina Tereshkova
1st woman in space.
George Stibitz
first prominent experimenter to use binary numbers.
Manhattan Project
the operation (largest single enterprise in the history of science up to that time) during World War II.
ENIAC
the first working computers - ENIAC.
Big science
the way science was conducted changed. It became very expensive.
Chip
fingernail-sized sliver of silicon (serves as computer memory).
IBM
early computer that used both mechanical and electronic components.
James Watson and Francis Crick
discovery of DNA.
Interpreters
translate a program written in an easier programming language into machine language.
Michael Collins
orbited the Moon.
Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin
first human beings to stand on the Moon, part of the Apollo 11 mission.
Period 10
Computer age.
PCs
had become widespread by the end of the 1980s.
Modem
connected to local or national network through a device.
Internet
was developed during the 1970s. The development of fiber-optic hastened the rate of sending messages.
World Wide Web
developed mainly for commercial purposes.
Claude Shannon
father of the information age.
Intellectual revolution
transformed societies by opening the eyes and minds of the people.
Copernican Revolution
paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens.
Geocentric model
states that the Sun and the planets move around the Earth.
Heliocentric model
the Sun in the center.
Nicolaus Copernicus
influenced by the book Epitome in 1496 authored by a German, Johannes Mueller.
Nicolaus Copernicus
ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16th century.
Geocentric model
replaced by the heliocentric model.
Darwinian revolution
origin of species.
Natural selection
produce more viable offspring than other individuals.
Note 
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