(Slides 39 - 41) Pancreas and Gall Bladder

Where is the pancreas located?

• Posterior to the stomach.

What are the two major functions of the pancreas?

Exocrine and endocrine functions.

What do the exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete?

Digestive enzymes.

What digestive enzymes are produced by the pancreas?

Amylase, lipase, and trypsinogen.

What nutrients do pancreatic enzymes help digest?

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.

What does the pancreas produce to neutralize stomach acid?

Sodium bicarbonate.

What does sodium bicarbonate do?

Buffers stomach acid.

Where does the pancreas empty its contents?

Into the duodenum

Through what structure do pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum?

The hepatopancreatic ampulla.

What do acinar cells do?

Secrete digestive enzymes (exocrine function).

What do pancreatic islet cells do?

Secrete hormones (endocrine function).

• Insulin

• Glucagon

What are the three anatomical regions of the pancreas?

Head, body, and tail.

What duct carries pancreatic juice?

The pancreatic duct.

What two ducts join at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct

What is the exocrine unit of the pancreas called?

An acinus (cluster of acinar cells).

What is the accessory pancreatic duct?

A smaller duct that may also empty into the duodenum.

What do you call food coming from the stomach?

Chyme

When the liver makes bile, we store it at the?

Gallbladder

What is the main function of the gallbladder?

Stores and concentrates bile.

• Gallbladder stores bile until it is needed

What stimulates the gallbladder to release bile?

The hormone CCK (cholecystokinin)

Through what duct does the gallbladder release bile?

The cystic duct

Where does bile go after the cystic duct?

Into the common bile duct and then into the duodenum.

What are the components of bile?

• Water

• Bicarbonate ions

• Cholesterol

• Bile salts

• Bile pigments (bilirubin)

• Lecithin

• Mucin.

What is the function of bile?

Emulsification of fats.

What are the three regions of the gallbladder?

• Fundus

• Body

• Neck.

What causes gallstones?

Hardening of bile stored in the gallbladder.

Where is the gallbladder located?

On the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver.

What type of epithelium lines the gallbladder?

Simple columnar epithelium with rugae.

Does the gallbladder have a submucosa?

No, it has no submucosa.

What happens when the gallbladder’s smooth muscle contracts?

Bile is ejected through the cystic duct.

What hormone is released when fatty foods enter the small intestine?

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Why does the gallbladder contract after eating fatty foods?

To release bile needed to digest fats.

What causes gallstones?

When one component of bile becomes too concentrated and starts to crystallize.

• Too much cholesterol

• Too much Bilirubin

What does emulsification mean?

Breaking large fat globules into tiny droplets that are easier to digest.

• Bile salts break a large fat globule into many small droplets

Liver makes bile, which is important in the?

Emulsification fats

Why do we have to emulsify fats?

Because they are too big

• it is easier to digest small droplets than a bigger globular of lipid