Integumentary System Part 5

describe male pattern hair loss (androgenic alopecia)

frontal hairline regression and thinning on the posterior vertex

Describe female pattern hair loss

thinning that spreads from the crown forward without hairline regression

what is alopecia areata

autoimmune cell mediated problem that affects hair causing loss in a circular or oval pattern

what is scarring alopecia caused by

a disease that destroys and scars the hair follicles

how does scarring alopecia appear

smooth, shiny scarred areas on the scalp with no obvious hair follicle visible

describe how non scarring alopecia appears

singular or multiple patches which may indicate breakage or traction alopecia

traction alopecia is seen in individuals who did this

commonly pull hair up tight

what is trichotillomania

compulsive hair pulling and twisting

what is the hair pull test

Grab 50-60 hairs with thumb and index finger and pull firmly away from the scalp

Observe where the hair is shedding from

If the hair has telegen bulb attached, it is a normal shedding of the hair indicative of telegenic effluvian

the hair pull test should not yield more than __ hairs

6

what is paronychia

inflammation of the nail fold

what is a common risk factor for chronic paronychia

immersion in water, chewing or sucking on nails

what conditions can lead to clubbing of fingers

CHF, lung disease, inflammatory bowel diseases and malignancies

what is melanonychia

increased pigmentation in the nail matrix leading to a streak as the nail grows

what could a wide growing or irregular line in the nail indicate

subungual melanoma

what is onycholysis

painless separation of white nail plate from pink nail bed from distal to proximal

what are the localized causes of onycholysis

trauma to the nail, psoriasis of fungal infections

what are the systemic causes of onycholysis

diabetes, anemia, hyperthyroidism, peripheral ischemia, bronchiectasis and syphilis

what is the most common cause of nail thickening and subungual debris

onychomycosis

before treating onychomycosis with oral antifungals, what tests should be done

fungal culture, potassium hydroxide exam, pathological evaluation of nail clippings

describe terry nails

nail plate turns white with a distal band of reddish brown

what are terry nails associated with

liver disease, heart failure, and diabetes

what are transverse linear depressions (Beau lines)

depressions in the nail plate resulting from temporary disruption of the proximal nail growth from systemic illness

what are transverse linear depressions associated with

Illness

trauma

cold exposure with Raynaud's disease

what is pitting of the nail

punctate depressions of nail plate caused by defective layering of superficial nail plate by proximal nail matrix

pitting is usually seen with psoriasis but it can be associated with...

reactive arthritis, sarcoidosis and alopecia areata

why are newborns at a greater risk for fluid loss and ineffective temperature regulation

skin is thin and more permeable

what do mongolian spots look like

blueish/black areas on the sacrum or buttocks of an infant